A&P adaptive immunity

Cellular immunity

Targets intracellular pathogens (killings cells directly)

• eliminates TB and precancerous cells

• T cells

Humoral Immunity

Targets extracellular pathogens

• Mediated by antibodies that tag pathogens for destruction

• B cells

Natural Active Immunity

Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen

Artificial Active Immunity

Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease

Natural Passive Immunity

• Temporary immunity that results from antibodies produced by another person

  • (ex. breastfeeding baby)

Artificial passive immunity

Temporary immunity that results from the injection of immune serum (antibodies) from another person or animal

• Ex. snakebite/rabies treatment

Epitope

certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses

• Binds to paratope on antibody

Antigen

Any molecule that triggers an immune response

• large weight

Haptens

Too small to be antigenic, so they work together to bind to large molecules to create foreign complex

Immunoglobin

(An antibody) A defensive gamma globulin that is composed of 4 polypeptide chains with S-S bonds

IgG

Antibody that plays roles in agglutination, crossing placental barrier

IgA

Antibody of secretions that also plays in the 3rd line of defense;

• milk, saliva, tears

IgE

Antibody foudn on basophils/mast cells.

• stimulates histamine (antiinflammatory) and eosinophils

• do not cross placental barrier

IgM

Pentameter antibody contributing to agglutination and immune response

• lots of binding sites

IgD

Antibody that is a B cell transmembrane antigen receptor

MHC complex

Proteins that hold antigens to act as identification tags for APC’s

• secrete interleukins

Cytotoxic T cells

(effectors)T cells that carry out attacks on enemy cells

• release chemicals to kill pathogen (Perforins, granzymes, interferons, TNF)

Helper T cells

T cells that are coordinators (promote t/b cell action)

Regulatory T cells

T cell that downregulates by inhibiting multiplication/cytokine secretion by T cells

Costimulation

Idea that a T cell must check twice (by binding to 2nd APC protein) to see if it’s actually bound to a foreign antigen

• once successful, it triggers clonal selecton

senescence

Caused when lymphocytes fail to mature and tissue amounts decrease

Agglutination

A mechanism of attack that enhances phagocytosis by creating “bigger bites”

Complement fixation

A mechanism of attack (Primary) the involves Igm/IgG leading to inflammation, phagocytosis, immune clearance, cytolysis

Precipitation

A mechanism of attack that involves the antibody binding to antigen molecules, allowing them to be removed and phagocytized

Neutralization

A mechanism of attack in which antibodies mask the pathogenic region.