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anatomy
the study of structures within the body including cells, tissues, muscles, bones, organs, etc.
physiology
the study of the function of structures within the body at different levels
gross
large-scale, what you can see without a microscope
characteristics of life
composed of cells, is highly organized, is capable of reproduction, can grow and repair, can adapt to environment, produces and consumes energy
chemicals
atoms and molecules
cell
the basic unit of biological structure and function
tissues
a group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions
organs
two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions
organ system
interaction of organs functioning closely together
integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands; protection, defense and regulation of body temperature
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves; detection of internal and external signals and coordination of physiological responses
musculoskeletal system
bone, skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons and ligaments; movement, support and protection, production of blood cells
qualities of life
structure determines function, energy, information flow, gradients, homeostasis
structure determines function
your hand is structured in a way so you can grab objects; your heart is structured to pump blood in a certain way
energy
produced when molecular bonds are broken, such as removing a phosphate from ATP; consumed when molecular bonds are created
metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions in the body (breaking and building of bonds)
sensory receptor
specialized nervous tissue that detects change (internal or external)
cellular receptor
proteins on cell membranes that receive cellular communication
afferent signal
stimulus activates receptor, results in this incoming signal, which is sent to controller (brain or spinal cord)
efferent signal
controller sends output, generates this outgoing signal, which is sent to effector (usually a muscle)
gradient
difference in concentration, pressure, or temperature between two points; movement is usually from high to low
homeostasis
maintenance of a stable internal environment; does NOT mean constant
negative feedback mechanism
resists change, most common method of maintaining homeostasis (ex: temperature regulation, blood pressure)
positive feedback mechanism
amplifies change, doesn’t usually contribute to homeostasis
receptor/sensor
structure that senses change in the body (e.g., nerve cells in skin)
integrating (control) center
processes sensory information; directs response (e.g., regulatory center in brain), controls “set point)
effector
cell/organ that carries out the action to restore homeostasis (e.g., sweat glands)
positive feedback self-amplifying cycle
leads to greater change in the same direction, feedback loop is repeated (change produces more change), does NOT contribute to homeostasis (ex: childbirth, blood clotting)