Major Themes of A&P

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28 Terms

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anatomy

the study of structures within the body including cells, tissues, muscles, bones, organs, etc.

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physiology

the study of the function of structures within the body at different levels

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gross

large-scale, what you can see without a microscope

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characteristics of life

composed of cells, is highly organized, is capable of reproduction, can grow and repair, can adapt to environment, produces and consumes energy

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chemicals

atoms and molecules

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cell

the basic unit of biological structure and function

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tissues

a group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions

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organs

two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions

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organ system

interaction of organs functioning closely together

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integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands; protection, defense and regulation of body temperature

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nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves; detection of internal and external signals and coordination of physiological responses

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musculoskeletal system

bone, skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons and ligaments; movement, support and protection, production of blood cells

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qualities of life

structure determines function, energy, information flow, gradients, homeostasis

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structure determines function

your hand is structured in a way so you can grab objects; your heart is structured to pump blood in a certain way

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energy

produced when molecular bonds are broken, such as removing a phosphate from ATP; consumed when molecular bonds are created

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metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in the body (breaking and building of bonds)

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sensory receptor

specialized nervous tissue that detects change (internal or external)

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cellular receptor

proteins on cell membranes that receive cellular communication

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afferent signal

stimulus activates receptor, results in this incoming signal, which is sent to controller (brain or spinal cord)

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efferent signal

controller sends output, generates this outgoing signal, which is sent to effector (usually a muscle)

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gradient

difference in concentration, pressure, or temperature between two points; movement is usually from high to low

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homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal environment; does NOT mean constant

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negative feedback mechanism

resists change, most common method of maintaining homeostasis (ex: temperature regulation, blood pressure)

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positive feedback mechanism

amplifies change, doesn’t usually contribute to homeostasis

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receptor/sensor

structure that senses change in the body (e.g., nerve cells in skin)

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integrating (control) center

processes sensory information; directs response (e.g., regulatory center in brain), controls “set point)

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effector

cell/organ that carries out the action to restore homeostasis (e.g., sweat glands)

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positive feedback self-amplifying cycle

leads to greater change in the same direction, feedback loop is repeated (change produces more change), does NOT contribute to homeostasis (ex: childbirth, blood clotting)