APHG - Unit 5 Gradesavers

mediterranean climate

a climate marked by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters

tropical climate

A type of climate found in the areas just north or south of the equator, where weather is usually hot.

intensive agriculture

large amounts of labor

market gardening

the growing of vegetables or flowers for market (EX: farmers market)

plantation agriculture

raising a large amount of a "cash crop" for local sale or export

mixed crop/livestock system

Both animal and crops are farmed in the same area.

extensive agriculture

little amounts of labor

shifting cultivation/swidden agriculture

clearing forests to plant fields

nomadic herding

farmers moving herds from place to place to find pasture and water

ranching

farming for the raising of livestock (particularly cattle)

transhumance

migration of livestock due to season

rural settlement pattern

places away from large cities

clustered settlement pattern

many buildings are grouped together

linear settlement pattern

buildings are built in lines along a road, railroad, or river

dispersed settlement pattern

spaced out farmhouses

rural survey method

how farmers divided the rural land

metes and bounds

a method of describing real estate, using boundary lines with terminal points and angles

township and range

based upon lines of latitude and longitude

long lot

a rural land use pattern that divides land into long, narrow lined up along a waterway or road

domestication

taming of animals

barley, wheat, lentils, and olives

fertile crescent

barley, cotton, wheat and peas

indus river valley

mango, taro, and coconuts

southeast asia

squash, peppers, corn, potatos, and cassava

central america

colombian exchange

the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa

first agricultural revolution

plant and animal domestication

second agricultural revolution

improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce

enclosure acts

United Kingdom acts that enclosed open fields

crop rotation

growing a different crop in a field to maintain fertility

green revolution

introduction of chemicals to agriculture

high-yield seed

crops that produce more food per farming cycle than other wild varieties

hybridization

crossing two different organisms

mechanized farming

farming with machines

capital intensive agriculture

a large amount of capital is applied per unit of output.

labor intensive agriculture

lots of labor required to produce a sustainable yield

subsistence agriculture

the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family

commercial agriculture

the production of food primarily for sale off the farm

monocropping/monoculture

growing a large amount of a single species of plant

bid-rent theory

a geographical economic theory to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases

feedlots (CAFOs)

animals concentrated in small spaces

agribusiness

agriculture conducted on commercial principles, especially using advanced technology.

transnational corporations

business corporations located in two or more countries

vertical integration

the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.

commodity chain

the hands an item passes through between producer and consumer

carrying capacity

the largest population that an area can support

cool chains

transportation networks that keep foods cool

von thunen's model

model which shows the location of agriculture in regard to a comercial economy that is similar to the concentric model

horticulture

study of plants, vegetables, and flowers

comparative advantage

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

global supply chain

a worldwide network to maximize profits in production

luxury crops

"hard to get" crops; delicacies; crops that you would not normally see

export commodity

goods sent from one country to another for sale

subsidies

financial support from government

pollution

harmful material into environment

land cover change

The changes that have taken place to natural environments due to a variety of natural and/or human-induced causes

desertification

the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

soil salinization

salt buildup in the soil (saline)

conservation

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

slash and burn

trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land

terrace farming

a farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain

irrigation

supplying water to an area of land (artificial)

center-pivot irrigation

a type of irrigation that waters crops using sprinkler systems on huge turning wheels

deforestation

no trees

wetlands

water-saturated land area that supports aquatic plants

biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

genetically modified organisms (GMO)

plants & animals that have had their traits modified by scientists

aquaculture

the cultivation of seafood

sustainability

ability to keep in existence or maintain

biodiversity

variety of life in a habitat

fertilizer

helps grow crops

pesticide

kills organisms that harm crops

urban farming

farming in towns and cities

community-supported agriculture

network between agricultural producers and consumers

value-added specialty crops

crops that grow in value when made into a certain product.

fair trade

trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries.

local-food movement

collaborative effort to build more locally based, self-reliant food economies

food insecurity

a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food

food desert

food is hard to obtain

gender inequality

the inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status

gender-specific obstacles

discriminatory practices that prevent women farmers from producing at their potential