Grapevine Training and Pruning

__ can be described as the physical manipulation of a vine’s form

training

The goal during the first time of training must be taken care to establish well placed straight __ and __ is cordon training

trunks and cordons

the goal of the first season after planting should be

establish a healthy root system since the first year roots are small

Energy used for root growth is produced by __ making shoot growth necessary

Leaves

it is necessary to have adequate __ growth take place in order for roots to properly development

shoot

By allowing a single shoot to grow more __ lead to faster trunk and cordon establishment

Vigourous

What are the downsides to to cutting to a single shoot to grow your trunk and cordon faster

there are no other shoots available if one is damaged delaying product production

what is the benefit of leaving two trunks on a grapevine

a cordon can be replaced more quickly if one trunk dies or needs to be removed.

What part of the GROWING SYSTEM should be placed within the first year

posts, first wire, and irrigation wire

How do growers refer to their age of the vineyard. Why

by leaf number; in some cases vines are propagated the same season they are planted, and in others, 1-year or even 2-year-old vines may be planted

For bunch grapes, wood that is less than __ inch in diameter is typically undesirable to retain for trunks and cordons

3/8 inch

shoot vigor is __ __ to shoot number

inversely proportional

Why is it undesirable for a cordon to be too long

long canes tend to have poor shoot development from buds in the middle of the cane

Shoots arising from the distal and basal end of a cane tend to be __ vigorous, and shoots arising in the middle tend be __ due to hormone movement in the plant

more; weak

__ is a phenomenon in plants where the growth of lateral buds is suppressed by the presence and activity of the apical bud or other dominant structures

Correlative inhibition

How many seasons does it take to achieve a mature vine to from

3 seasons

In the first season of growth, should clusters be removed?

Yes, since they compete with nutrients

In the second season of growth, should clusters be removed?

Yes, however sometime small amount of crops can be grown if there was enough vigor

After the second leaf, should the basic mature vine form should be achieved?

yes

Tying canes too tightly can result in __ and death of any growth beyond the tied region

girdling

Where does girdling occur on the grapevine

phloem

What has been designed to prevent girdling

Plastic tape and elastic bands

What it the goal during the second season

focus on developing the permanent structures of the vine

mature or full yields are typically reached in year _ to _

4 to 6

What would happen if no pruning took place on the grapevine

There would be shoots growing in every direction, creating a dense canopy

__ is when very little wood removal takes place other than to keep the vines from growing across the ground

minimal pruning

What type of pruning is used for Concord grapes for juice production and wine grapes in arid climates

minimal pruning

The major problems associated with minimally pruned vines are

over cropping and disease control

__ is the cutting off flower or immature fruit clusters and can be used to prevent over cropping

Cluster thinning

If we use minimal pruning this will allow for a dense canopy which will develop what

fungal diseases that are hard to control

Many fungi __ (time of development) and produce fruiting bodies on bark, sp the large amount of permeant wood on minimally pruned vines creates a large source of __

over-winter; inoculum

Most commercial vineyards in Texas are __ trained __ pruned

cordon; spur

annual pruning is necessary to remove excess growth known as

buds

a general rule of thumb for wine grapes in humid areas is to prune to no more than __ to __ buds per linear foot canopy for most training systems

3 to 6

__ shoot densities are generally preferred for red grape cultivars and/or cultivars with large leaves or clusters, and __ densities for whites and/or cultivars with smaller leaves or clusters

lower; higher

Degree brix refers to the

sugar level

For wine grapes, __ is much more than just sugar (other important factors are color and f lavor)

quality

What is the goal of pruning

to reach a balance between sun exposed leaves and crop to reach an acceptable level of yield and quality

What are methods to measure vine size

weigh 1-yr old wood removed after pruning, pruning formulas, counting number of canes between 3/8 and ½ in in diameter near base, weigh pruning and yield from previous season

The __ or crop load is calculated as vine yield divided by vine pruning weight

Ravaz Index

Pruning is often used to try to delay __break to prevent late spring freeze injury.

bud

__ uses two separate pruning passes. First, a “trash” pruning takes place at any time after vines go dormant. Then a second pruning to fir bud break

Double pruning

At the base of the shoot/cane, near the union of the shoot and the cane or spur, is a __

basal bud

Do Basal buds usually bear fruit

no

Do we count the basal bud when pruning

no

In general, a count bud can be distinguished from a basal bud by the presence of an

internode

__ buds develop into shoots resulting the shoots into atypical positions

latent

What bud can be used to replace or re-establish a trunk or cordons

latent buds

Small vineyards are pruned by

hand

large vineyards often are pre-pruned using a __ and then followed by __ pruning

tractor; hand