Psychology (Cognitive Processes)

Basic and key concepts in cognitive processes

Attention as defined by Guildford

Attention is the process or focusing on one or few objects persons or situations from among many from the field of awareness.

Attention as defined by Norman Munn

Attention is the mental process of bringing few stimuli into the center of awareness out of many stimuli present

Aspects of attention

Span of attention

Distraction of attention

Division of attention

Fluctuation of attention

Perception

The process of assigning meaning to the information received about the environment based on the past experiences

Laws of perpetual organization

(a) Law of proximity

(b)Law of similarity

(C) Law of continuity

(D) Law of closure

Thinking

Thinking is the mental activity that uses various cognitive elements and processes that involves manipulation of information, problem solving, reasoning as well as decision making

Core elements

Mental representation

Concept

Schema

Languages

Problem solving

Define the problem

Generating alternative

Selecting a solution

Implementation and follow up on solution

Creative Thinking

Preparation

Incubation

Illumination

Verification

Learning

A relatively permanent change in the behaviour that occurs due to experience or practice

Max Wertheimer

Laws of perception grouping

Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning

Burrhus Skinner

Behavioural theory of learning

Edward tolman

Learning can occur cognitively without reward or punishment

Jean Piaget

Learning by concept and schema by assimilation and accommodation

Albert Bandura

Learning occurs through observation of behaviour of a person and later reproduction of that behaviour

Processes or learning

Clasical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Cognitive processes

Assimilation and accommodation

Observation