Human Growth and development Unit 4

Adolescence

Traditional period between childhood and adulthood.

Influenced by ethnic, cultural, gender, socioeconomic, age, lifestyle diff.

Puberty

a brain neuroendocrine process that provides stimulation for rapid development

not a single sudden event

Hormones

The powerful chemical substances carried through bloodstream

Testosterone

Hormone in boys

develop genitals, height increase, voice change

Estradiol

type of estrogen associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal developing in girls

Menarche

First menstruation

Corpus Callosum

Nerve fibers that connect brains left and right hemisphere

thickens during adolescence, improves information processing

Limbic System

Part of brain where emotions and rewards are processed

almost developed by early adolescence

Amygdala

Limbic system structure

involved in emotion

Prefrontal cortex

involved in reasoning, decisions, self control

does not fully develop until early adulthood

Anorexia Nervosa

relentless pursuit of thinness

restriction in calories, fear of gaining weight, distorted body image

Bulimia Nervosa

follows a binge and purge pattern

falls within a normal weight range

Formal operational stage

Final stage where thinking becomes abstract

begins around 11

Hypothetical deductive reasoning

logical thought that develops in the Formal Operational Stage

Adolescent egocentrism

Heightened self confidence

David Elkind 2 key concepts; use of social media shows higher levels

Imaginary Audience

belief that others are just as interested in them as they are

Attention getting behavior

Personal Fable

belief that they are unique and invincible

increase risk taking behavior

Identity

Self portrait composed of many domains

vocational, political, religious, sexual, relationship, intellectual, cultural, interests, physical

Identity vs. role confusion

5th stage, able to try identities

Psychosocial moratorium

gap between childhood security and adult autonomy

Crisis

period where person is exploring alternatives

James Marcia

Commitment

Personal investment in an identity

James Marcia

Marcia’s 4 identity statuses

Diffusion: experience no crisis and made no commitments

Foreclosure: made commitment without experiencing a crisis

Moratorium: Midst of crisis, no commitments made

Achievement: undergone crisis, made commitment

Clique

small group, normally same sex and age

Crowd

larger group, defined by activities or reputation

Media multitasking

engaging in multiple media activities at a time

impairs performance

Juvenile delinquent

broad concept which applies to adolescents that break a law

Jean Piaget

Cognitive development, Formal operational stage

Erik Erikson

Identity vs. Identity confusion

David Elkind

2 key components to egocentrism

Imaginary Audience, Personal Fable

James Marcia

classified identity status on 2 elements

Crisis, Commitment

Physical changes associated with puberty

Males: increase body size, pubic, armpit, face, chest hair, voice change

Females: weight and height gains, pubic hair growth, breast growth, periods

Impact of early and late maturation on males and females

boys: favorable outcomes in adolescence, may be more favorable in long term

girls: increases vunerability to problems

Trends in adolescent sexuality

57.3% 12th graders have had intercourse, 30% of 9th graders

oral sex is common

Impact of family / parenting on sexual activity

connectedness, communication, monitoring impact

Effects of adolescent pregnancy on mom and baby

Baby: low weight, neurological issues, childhood illness

Mom: Depression, drop out, substance use, money issues

Contributing factors to adolescent obesity

Fast food, low fruit and vegetable intake, less exercise, sedentary activities

Leading causes of death for adolescents

accidental injuries, suicide, homicide

Impact of social media/ screen time

heavy users are 2 times as likely to have low psych well being

lower academic achievement

poor sleep

Impact of parental monitoring

High: smart sexual decisions, lower cigarette and marijuana use, more sleep, better health behavior

Low: negative mental health outcomes, increase in delinquent, higher substance use

Parent adolescent conflict

everyday events of family life, escalates in adolescence

Old and new models of parent-ado. relationships

Old: detach from parents, world of autonomy

New: parents are support systems

Nature of adolescent friendships

smaller number of friends, intense and intimate

3 stages of romantic relationship development

1: entering attractions, 11 to 13, puberty

2: exploring relationships, 14 to 16, casual

3: dyadic romantic bonds, 17 to 19, serious

Depression treatment

drug, psychotherapy, combo - most effective

Gender differences in suicide

Females are more likely with less lethal means

Males are more likely to succeed, more lethal means