IX - URINARY SYSTEM. REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS. ACID-BASE BALANCE

The cortical nephrons are characterised by:

a) shorter loop of Henle and peritubular capillary network;

b) longer loop of Henle and peritubular capillary network;

c) longer loop of Henle and vasa recta;

c) shorter loop of Henle and vasa recta;

e) none of the above mentioned

a) shorter loop of Henle and peritubular capillary network

The control of water excretion in the kidney is controlled by:

a) the antidiuretic hormone (ADH);

b) the medulla oblongata;

c) blood plasma;

d) sodium amount in the blood;

e) potassium amount in the blood.

a) the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

On which of the following the kidneys have a direct effect?

a) blood pressure and water electrolyte balance;

b) body temperature;

c) the level of glucose in plasma;

d) smooth muscle tone of airways;

e) none of the above.

a) blood pressure and water electrolyte balance

Glucose reabsorption occurs in the:

a) proximal tubule;

b) loop of Henle;

c) distal tubule;

d) cortical collecting duct;

e) medullary collecting duct.

a) proximal tubule

Renin is secreted by:

a) cells in the macula densa;

b) cells in the proximal tubule;

c) cells in the distal tubule;

d) juxtaglomerular cells;

e) cells in the peritubular capillary bed.

d) juxtaglomerular cells

Renin release:

a) is triggered by increased sympathetic activity and low Na+ level in the distal tubules;

b) increases when systemic arterial pressure rises;

c) directly activates angiotensin converting enzyme;

d) is increased when the level of circulating catecholamines is low,

e) increases when there is hyperhydration.

a) is triggered by increased sympathetic activity and low Na+ level in the distal tubules

The glomerulus:

a) has both afferent and efferent arterioles;

b) contains capillaries, which are at a higher hydrostatic pressure than the

peritubular capillaries;

c) filters 20% of the renal plasma flow;

d) contains renin-secreting cells;

e) all of the above.

e) all of the above

The following occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron:

a) reabsorption of glucose and most of the water;

b) reabsorption of most water;

c) passive transport of sodium;

d) secretion of bicarbonate;

e) passive transport of amino acids.

a) reabsorption of glucose and most of the water

The antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

a) decreases the osmolarity of urine;

b) decreases the volume of urine;

c) increases the reabsorption of water in the proximal tubules;

d) is synthesized in the posterior pituitary gland;

e) increases the excretion of glucose.

b) decreases the volume of urine

Regarding the kidneys:

a) there are 1.3 million nephrons in each kidney and more blood flows though the renal cortex than the renal medulla;

b) they produce aldosterone;

c) they receive 12% of the cardiac output at rest;

d) the more blood flows through the renal cortex is lower compared to that the renal medulla;

e) they secrete natriuretic peptide.

a) there are 1.3 million nephrons in each kidney and more blood flows though the renal cortex than the renal medulla

During physiological intake of water and salt:

a) osmotic pressure of ECF is higher than is ICF

b) osmotic pressure of ICF is higher than is ECF

c) osmotic pressure of ECF is equal to those is ICF

d) the volume of ECF is higher then those of ICF

e) none of them

c) osmotic pressure of ECF is equal to those is ICF

During hyperventilation is observed:

a) metabolic acidosis

b) respiratory acidosis

c) metabolic alcolosis

d) respiratory alcolosis

e) isohydria

d) respiratory alcolosis

The glomerular capillaries have the following functions:

a) blood plasma filtration and formation of primary urine;

b) hormone secretion;

c) water secretion;

d) formation of primary urine;

e) dip into the medullary pyramids alongside the loops of Henle.

a) blood plasma filtration and formation of primary urine

During hypoventilation is observed:

a) metabolic acidosis

b) respiratory acidosis

c) metabolic alcolosis

d) respiratory alcolosis

e) isohydria

b) respiratory acidosis

Renal blood flow:

a) doesn't depend on autoregulation;

b) is regulated by metabolites produced in the kidney;

c) is not connected with the autoregulation of the glomerular filtration;

d) is autoregulated and is closely related to the autoregulation of the glomerular filtration;

e) doesn't influence the metabolic processes in the kidney.

d) is autoregulated and is closely related to the autoregulation of the glomerular filtration

Which of the following substances has a clearance equal to the renal plasma flow?

a) PAH;

b) glucose;

c) urea;

d) water;

e) inulin.

a) PAH

In kidneys, the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP):

a) decreases sodium and water excretion via urine

b) increases sodium and water excretion via urine

c) stimulates the secretion of renin

d) stimulates the secretion of aldosterone

e) has no effect

b) increases sodium and water excretion via urine

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is decreased when:

a) renal blood flow is high;

b) renal blood flow is low and afferent arteriolar tone is high;

c) renal blood flow is high efferent arteriolar tone is low;

d) renal blood flow is high and efferent arteriolar tone is high;

e) effective filtration surface area is increased.

b) renal blood flow is low and afferent arteriolar tone is high

Water excretion by the kidney is due to:

a) osmosis;

b) active transport into the lumen;

c) passive secretion in the collecting tubules;

d) solvent drag;

e) facilitated diffusion.

a) osmosis

Kidneys produce:

a) erythropoietin;

b) ADH;

c) angiotensin II;

d) ANP;

e) cholecalciferol.

a) erythropoietin

Increase in GFR occurs when there is:

a) increased sympathetic stimulation;

b) decreased renal blood flow;

c) hypoproteinaemia;

d) ureteric obstruction;

e) none of the above.

c) hypoproteinaemia

In kidneys, the cortisol:

a) reduces glomerular filtration

b) increases glomerular filtration

c) decreases the renal vascular resistance

d) decreases the secretion of renin

e) inhibits diuresis

b) increases glomerular filtration

The volume of primary urine per 24 hours is about:

a) 1000 ml;

b) 180 l;

c) 18 l;

d) 50 l;

e) 8 l.

b) 180 l

All factors mentioned below trigger the thirst except:

a) plasma osmolarity over 295 mOsm*kg^-1

b) angiotensin II

c) antidiuretic hormine (ADH)

d)hypervolemia

e) dry mucosa in the mouth

d)hypervolemia

The countercurrent exchange system includes:

a) glomerulus and macula densa;

b) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule;

c) loop of Henle and collecting tubule;

d) afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole;

e) ureters and bladder.

c) loop of Henle and collecting tubule

In kidneys, the nitric oxide (NO):

a) increases the renal vascular resistance

b) stimulates the absorption of Na+ in the collecting ducts

c) suppresses the absorption of Na+ in the distal tubule and stimulates the secretion of renin

d)reduces the secretion of renin

e) increases the reabsorption of water triggered by antidiuretic hormone

c) suppresses the absorption of Na+ in the distal tubule and stimulates the secretion of renin

The renal clearance of a substance (Cx):

a) is inversely related to its urinary concentration, Ux;

b) is directly related to the rate of urine formation, and is expressed in units of volume per unit time;

c) is directly related to its plasma concentration, Px;

d) is expressed in mm Hg;

e) must fall in the presence of metabolic poisons.

b) is directly related to the rate of urine formation, and is expressed in units of volume per unit time

In the fluid in the distal part of the proximal convoluted tubule:

a) urea concentration is higher than in Bowman's capsule;

b) pH is less than 6 when the kidneys are excreting an acid urine;

c) glucose concentration is similar to that in plasma;

d) osmolality is about 25 per cent that of glomerular filtrate;

e) bicarbonate concentration is higher than in plasma.

a) urea concentration is higher than in Bowman's capsule

When water absorption is stimulated, the result is:

a) water diuresis

b)osmotic diuresis;

c) antidiuresis;

d) high volume of final urine with low concentration of the dissolved substances;

e) high volume of final urine with high concentration of the dissolved substances;

c) antidiuresis;

In the kidneys, bradykinin:

a)has expressed vasoconstriction and stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ in the distal tubules;

b)has well expressed vasodilation effect and suppresses the absorption of Na+ in the distal tubules;

c) has expressed vsodilation effect and suppresses the absorption of Na+ in the proximal tubules;

d) inhibits diuresis;

e) inhibit the renal perfusion

b)has well expressed vasodilation effect and suppresses the absorption of Na+ in the distal tubules;

The effects of endothelin-1 on the renal tubules are:

a)increase of the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct and decreased diuresis

b) stimulation of renin and aldosterone secretion;

C) reduction of atrial sodium uretic peptide secretion

d) stimulation of diuresis and excretion of sodium

e) decreased vascular resistance and increased cortical blood flow

d) stimulation of diuresis and excretion of sodium

When a patient's mean arterial blood pressure falls by 50%:

a) renal blood flow increases;

b) glomerular filtration increases;

c) there is a decrease in the circulating aldosterone level;

d) renal vasoconstriction occurs;

e) urinary output is increased.

d) renal vasoconstriction occurs

The cells of the distal convoluted tubule:

a) reabsorb about 50% of the water filtered by the glomeruli;

b) reabsorb all filtered aminoacide;

c) reabsorb all filtered proteins;

d) reabsorb sodium in exchange for hydrogen or potassium ions;

e) determine the final composition of urine.

d) reabsorb sodium in exchange for hydrogen or potassium ions

The excretion of xenobiotics in the kidneys is carried out by:

a) filtration or filtration and additional reabsorption in the distal tubule;

b) filtration or filtration and additional secretion in the distal tubule;

C) filtration or filtration and additional secretion in the proximal tubule;

d) secretion in the collecting duct;

e) filtration and additional absorption in the proximal tubule.

C) filtration or filtration and additional secretion in the proximal tubule;

Urea:

a) and glucose have different molar concentrations in normal blood;

b) clearance is higher, than creatinins one;

c) is actively secreted by the renal tubular cells into the tubular fluid;

d) concentration in blood may rise ten-fold after a high protein meal;

e) stimulates diuresis when its blood concentration is increased.

e) stimulates diuresis when its blood concentration is increased

The renal clearance of:

a) inulin provides an estimate of glomerular filtration rate;

b) chloride increases after an injection of aldosterone;

c) PAH falls when the PAH load exceeds the Tm for PAH;

d) urea is higher than that of inulin;

e) inulin is dependent of its plasma concentration.

a) inulin provides an estimate of glomerular filtration rate

Aldosterone:

a) is a steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal medulla;

b) production ceases following removal of the kidneys and their

juxtaglomerular cells;

c) production decreases in treatment with drugs which block angiotensin-converting enzyme;

d) secretion results in increased potassium reabsorption by the nephron;

e) secretion results in increased plasma volume.

e) secretion results in increased plasma volume

In the kidneys, over 70% of the filtrated Na" is:

a) secreted in the proximal tubule via passive transport;

b)secreted in the proximal tubule with energy expenditure;

c) reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via basolateral active transport;

d) secreted in the proximal tubule via basolateral absorption in the

proximal tubule via basolateral active transport;

e) secreted in the collecting duct passively.

c) reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via basolateral active transport;

The renal clearance:

a) of glucose is above 0, if the plasma concentration of a given substance is below 11 mmol∙1-1;

b) of urea is higher than creatinin's one;

c) of glucose provides an estimate of renal plasma flow;

d) of phosphate is decreased by parathormone;

e) of proteins is normally zero.

e) of proteins is normally zero

Secretion of renin:

a) occurs in the stomach during infancy;

b) is stimulated by the hormone angiotensin I;

c) is stimulated by a fall in extracellular fluid volume and leads to raised levels of angiotensin II in the blood;

d) inhibits the secretion of aldosterone;

e) inhibits ACTH secretion by the pituitary gland.

c) is stimulated by a fall in extracellular fluid volume and leads to raised levels of angiotensin II in the blood

In kidneys potassium is:

a)filtrated and secreted in the proximal tubule mainly via paracellular transport

b)filtrated freely and reabsorbed the proximal tubule mainly via paracellular transport

c) filtered freely and reabsorbed via symport with Na+ in the distal tubule

d)filtered freely and reabsorbed in the proximal tubule mainly via symport with Na+

e) filtered freely and reabsorbed in the collecting duct mainly via paracellular transport

b)filtrated freely and reabsorbed the proximal tubule mainly via paracellular transport

Long-standing obstruction of the urethra may cause:

a) enlargement of the prostate gland;

b) dystrophy of the bladder muscle;

c) dilation of the ureters and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate;

d) increase and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate;

e) a decrease in residual volume in the bladder.

c) dilation of the ureters and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate

Emptying of the bladder may be less effective if:

a) the sympathetic nerves carrying afferent information from bladder to the spinal cord are cut;

b) the pelvic nerves are cut or anticholinergic drugs are administered;

c) cholinergic agonists are administered;

d) alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists are administered;

e) beta-adrenergic receptor blockers are administered.

b) the pelvic nerves are cut or anticholinergic drugs are administered

Bicarbonate, phosphate and ammonia buffer systems are:

a) cellular buffer systems;

b) elements of renal regulation of pH;

c) elements of respiratory regulation of pH;

d) systems for maintaining optimal pH of the stomach;

e) enzyme systems of digestion.

b) elements of renal regulation of pH;

In all cases mentioned below there is metabolic alkalosis except:

a) in uremia;

b) in severe vomiting;

c) in hyper aldosteronism;

d) in case of intake of NaHCO3;

e) in case of prolonged treatment with some diuretics.

a) in uremia;

A patient with chronic renal failure usually has:

a) an increased blood urea and blood uric acid;

b) a decreased blood uric acid;

c) an increased creatinine clearance;

d) an increased acid-base disturbance when he or she vomits;

e) an increased acid-base problem on a low protein diet.

a) an increased blood urea and blood uric acid

Cutting the sympathetic nerves to the bladder may cause:

a) difficulty in emptying the bladder;

b) loss of tone in the internal sphincter of the bladder and loss of pain sensation in the bladder;

c) loss of tone in the external sphincter of the bladder;

d) increased pain sensation in the bladder;

e) infertility in the female.

b) loss of tone in the internal sphincter of the bladder and loss of pain sensation in the bladder

A long-standing increase in arterial pCO2 (respiratory acidosis) leads to:

a) an increase in renal bicarbonate formation;

b) a decrease in urinary ammonium salts;

c) a decrease in plasma potassium concentration;

d) an increase of the monohydrogen /dihydrogen phosphate ratio in urine;

e) a decrease in urinary bicarbonate excretion.

a) an increase in renal bicarbonate formation

The inhibition of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by alcohol, would have the following effect:

a) constriction of the afferent arteriole;

b) inhibition of diuresis;

c) stimulation of water conservation;

d) constriction of the efferent arteriole;

e) reduction in water reabsorption by the kidneys.

e) reduction in water reabsorption by the kidneys

Reabsorption of amino acids from the filtrate requires many different protein carriers because:

a) denaturation may occur;

b) this transport is not competitive;

c) there are only 10 different amino acids;

d) transport of amino acids is typically highly specific;

e) glucose inhibits amino acid transport.

d) transport of amino acids is typically highly specific

Reabsorption (transport) of both Na+ and glucose together from the renal lumen is an example of:

a) facilitated diffusion;

b) secondary passive transport;

c) primary direct active transport;

d) secondary indirect active antiport;

e) secondary indirect active symport.

e) secondary indirect active symport

Drinking a litre of water:

a) increases secretion of antidiuretic hormone;

b) reduces the plasma sodium concentration;

c) increases osmolarity of the urine;

d) causes body cells to shrink;

e) decreases the specific gravity of the body.

b) reduces the plasma sodium concentration

An acid-base buffer system:

a) can be a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base;

b) can be a solution of sodium and bicarbonate ions;

c) prevents any change in pH when acid is added;

d) works best when acid and base are equal in concentration;

e) is hemoglobin as an example of intracelular buffer.

a) can be a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base

Acidosis in a patient may lead to:

a) increased urinary excretion of potassium.

b) hypoventilation.

c) a blood pH of less than 5.5.

d) an urinary pH of less than 5.5.

e) tetany.

d) an urinary pH of less than 5.5.

A rise in the osmolality of extracellular fluid may lead to:

a) thirst and release of vasopressin;

b) increased water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules;

c) a decrease of vasopressin secretion;

d) an increase in intracellular fluid volume;

e) suppression of sweat secretion.

a) thirst and release of vasopressin

Raised blood pH and bicarbonate level is consistent with:

a) metabolic acidosis;

b) partly compensated respiratory alkalosis;

c) a reduced pCO2;

d) chronic renal failure with a raised pCO2;

e) a history of persistent vomiting of gastric contents.

e) a history of persistent vomiting of gastric contents

A patient with partly compensated respiratory acidosis:

a) must have a raised pCO2;

b) must have a raised bicarbonate concentration [HCO3-];

d) may have respiratory failure due to hypoventilation;

c) may have evidence of renal compensation.;

e) all of the above.

e) all of the above

Sodium retention:

a) occurs for several days after major surgery;

b) expands the extracellular fluid volume;

c) expands the blood volume;

d) increases the severity of oedema;

e) all of the above.

e) all of the above

Alkalosis occurs when:

a) pH ≤7.35;

b) pH of the arterial blood is ≥ 7.45;

c) there is an increase in the concentration of H+;

d) pH of the arterial blood is ≥ 7.00;

e) there is no correct answer.

b) pH of the arterial blood is ≥ 7.45;

In concern with hydrogen carbonic buffer system, according to

Henderson-Hasselbach equation:

a) pH increases when HCO3 concentration increases;

b) pH increases when CO2 tension increases;

c) pH decreases when HCO3" concentration increases;

d) pH decreases when CO2 tension increases;

e) pH decreases when CO2 tension increases and increases when HCO3- concentration increases.

e) pH decreases when CO2 tension increases and increases when HCO3- concentration increases.

Raised level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcaemia):

a) may occur when parathyroid activity decreases;

b) may occur when the plasma protein level falls;

c) may occur in chronic renal failure;

d) increases the risk of stone formation in the urinary tract;

e) causes increased excitability of nerve and muscle.

d) increases the risk of stone formation in the urinary tract

Thirst is stimulated by:

a) increase in plasma osmolality and volume;

b) increase in plasma osmolality and decrease in volume;

c) decrease in osmolality and increase in volume;

d) decrease in plasma osmolality and volume;

e) increase in intracelular volume.

b) increase in plasma osmolality and decrease in volume

The reference interval of plasma osmolarity is:

a) 190-200 mOsm∙l-1;

b) 120 ml∙min-1;

c) 280-285 mOsm∙l-1;

d) 7.36 - 7.44 pH;

e) 1100 - 1200 mOsm∙kg-1.

c) 280-285 mOsm∙l-1

Urea:

a) in the urine doesn't depend on the amount of proteins in the diet;

b) doesn't contribute to the establishment of the osmotic gradient in the

medullary pyramids and to the formation of concentrated urine in the collecting ducts;

c) contributes to the establishment of the osmotic gradient in the medullary pyramids and to the formation of concentrated urine in the collecting ducts;

d) in the urine doesn't vary with the amount of urea filtered;

e) transport is not mediated by urea transporters.

c) contributes to the establishment of the osmotic gradient in the medullary pyramids and to the formation of concentrated urine in the collecting ducts;

All but except one are followed by thirst:

a) plasmaosmolality above 295 mOsm∙kg-1;

b) angiotensin II;

c) ADH;

d) hypervolemia;

e) dry oral mucosa.

d) hypervolemia

The volume of ECF is regulated by:

a) the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system;

b) atrial nauriuretic peptide;

c) catheholamines;

d) sympathetic division of the ANS;

e) all of the above.

e) all of the above

For the buffer capacity of the blood of highest significance is the:

a) haemoglobin buffer system;

b) protein buffer system;

c) phosphate buffer system;

d) hydrogen carbonate buffer system;

e) ammonium buffer system.

a) haemoglobin buffer system

All statesments about ADH are correct, except:

a) is secreted by the posterior pituitary;

b) its secretion is regulated by plasma osmolality;

c) increases the tubular reabsorption of K+;

d) increases reabsorption of water in the distal and collecting tubules;

e) is synthesized in the hypothalamus.

c) increases the tubular reabsorption of K+

H+ ions are secreted:

a) in the ascending limb of Henle;

b) in the proximal tubule;

c) along the nephron parallel with the resorption of HCO3- ions;

d) in the descending lim of Henle;

e) in the collecting tubule.

c) along the nephron parallel with the resorption of HCO3- ions

Most of the filtrated calcium is:

a) secreted in the collecting ducts;

b) passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubules;

c) reabsorbed in the collecting ducts;

d) reabsorbed in connection with the secretion of H+

e) reabsorbed parallel to HCO3- along the whole nephron.

b) passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubules;

The secretion of H+ in the tubular fluid is achieved by:

a) osmosis and diffusion;

b) diffusion and primary active transport;

c) primary and secondary active transport;

d) secondary active transport;

e) diffusion only.

c) primary and secondary active transport

In acidosis, the kidneys:

a) increase the excretion of H+ and HCO3-;

b) decrease the excretion of H+ and increase the reabsorbtion of HCO3

c) increase the excretion of H+ and reabsorbtion of HCO3-;

d) decrease the excretion of H+ and reabsorbtion of HCO3-;

e) none of the above.

c) increase the excretion of H+ and reabsorbtion of HCO3-

In alcalosis, the kidneys:

a) decrease the excretion of H+ and increase the reabsorbtion of HCO3-;

b) decrease the excretion of H+;

c) decrease the indirect reabsorbtion of HCO3-;

d) increase the indirect reabsorbtion of HCO3-;

e) decrease the excretion of H+ and increase the excretion of HCO3-.

e) decrease the excretion of H+ and increase the excretion of HCO3-

The formation of the final urine is achieved by:

a) filtration, diffusion and secretion;

b) reabsorbtion, osmosis and diffusion;

c) glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorbtion and secretion;

d) filtration, secretion and paracrinia;

e) all of the above.

c) glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorbtion and secretion

Normal diuresis per 24h is about:

a) 500 ml;

b) 1.5 - 2 l;

c) 5 l;

d) 120 - 180 l;

e) 15 l.

b) 1.5 - 2 l

Volume of plasma, totally cleared from a substance when passing through the kidneys per unit time is called:

a) diuresis;

b) formation of final urine;

c) glomerular filtration;

d) transport maximum;

e) clearance.

e) clearance

The glomerular filtration is estimated via the clearance of:

a) PAHA;

b) glucose;

c) urea;

d) inulin and creatinin;

e) sodium.

d) inulin and creatinin

The transport maximum (Tmax) of glucose is:

a) 125 ml∙min-1;

b) 300 - 370 mg∙min-1;

c) 2.8 - 6.1 mmol∙l-1;

d) up to 11.1 mmol∙l-1;

e) none of the above.

b) 300 - 370 mg∙min-1

If the clearance of a substance is higher than the clearance of inuline:

a) the substance is additionally reabsorped in the tubules;

b) the substance is additionally secreted in the tubules;

c) the substance is either additionally reabsorped or secreted;

d) the substance is transported with proteins in the tubules;

e) the substance is secreted in the proxymal more than in the distal tubule.

b) the substance is additionally secreted in the tubules

If the clearance of a substance is lower than the clearance of inulin:

a) the substance is additionally reabsorped in the tubules;

b) the substance is neither reabsorped, neither secreted;

c) the substance is additionally secreted in the tubules;

d) the substance is co-transported with proteins in the tubules;

e) the substance is secreted in the proxymal more than in the distal tubule.

a) the substance is additionally reabsorped in the tubules

The human kidneys can concentrate the final urine up to:

a) 100 mOsm∙l-1;

b) 120 mOsm∙l-1;

c) 295 mOsm∙l-1;

d) 7.36 - 7.44∙l-1;

e) 1200 mOsm∙l-1.

e) 1200 mOsm∙l-1

The factors determining glomerular filtration are:

a) hemodynamic, colloid-osmotic;

b) hemodynamic, reabsorptive;

c) hemodynamic, colloid-osmotic, intracapsular;

d) intraabdominal, hemodynamic, colloid-osmotic;

e) filtration, reabsorptive.

c) hemodynamic, colloid-osmotic, intracapsular

What is specific about juxtaglomerular nephrons, it is that:

a) the glomerules are located in the outer part of cortex;

b) have long loops of Henle, reaching papilles;

c) their efferent arterioles give rise of peritubular capillary network in medulla;

d) the glomerules are located in the inner part of the cortex (near medulla) and their different effertent arterioles give rise to vasa recta in medulla;

e) there is no correct answer.

d) the glomerules are located in the inner part of the cortex (near medulla) and their different effertent arterioles give rise to vasa recta in medulla

Glomerular filtration will increase except:

a) the mean arterial blood pressure above 180 mm Hg;

b) hypoproteinemia;

c) there is constriction of the afferent arteriole;

d) there is constriction of the efferent arteriole;

e) there is vasodilation.

c) there is constriction of the afferent arteriole

What is the percentage of water reabsorbed in the tubules, under the control of ADH?

a) 100%;

b) 85%;

c) 50%;

d) 15%;

e) 0%.

d) 15%

In all mentioned below cases a metabolic acidosis can be find except:

a) diabetes mellitus;

b) severe diarrhea;

c) intensive physical exercise;

d) severe vomiting;

e) renal failure.

d) severe vomiting;

The volume of glomerular filtration is about:

a) 125 ml∙min-1 primary urine;

b) 600 - 700 ml∙min-1 primary urine;

c) 1200 - 1300 ml∙min-1 primary urine;

d) 5 l∙min-1 primary urine;

e) 170 l∙min-1 primary urine.

a) 125 ml∙min-1 primary urine

All statements about aldosterone are correct except:

a) is secreted by the adrenal cortex;

b) acts on distal and collective tubules;

c) increases the reabsorption of Na+;

d) increases the tubular reabsorption of K+;

e) its secretion is controlled by angiotensin II.

d) increases the tubular reabsorption of K+

The human kidneys can dilute the final urine up to:

a) 120 ml·min-1;

b) 100 mOsm·l-1;

c) 295 mOsm·kg -1;

d) 7.36 - 7.44 pH;

e) 1200 mOsm·l-1.

b) 100 mOsm·l-1

All the following substances are synthesized in the kidneys, except:

a) prostaglandines;

b) bradykinins;

c) ADH;

d) calsitriol;

e) renin.

c) ADH

Which of the following are reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle:

a) Na+;

b) Mg2+;

c) Ca2+;

d) water;

e) H+

a) Na+

Which of the following is/are reabsorbed in the descending limb of the loop of Henle:

a) Na+;

b) Cl-;

c) Ca2+;

d) K+;

e) water.

e) water

Which statement is correct:

a) the loop of Henle is permeable for salts and weakly permeable for water; + +

b) the descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for Na and K and weakly permeable for CL-;

c) the thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for ions;

d) the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for water and weakly permeable for ions;

e) the descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for salts and weakly permeable for water.

c) the thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for ions

The concentration of the final urine is due to:

a) the countercurrent multiplying mechanism in the collecting tubule;

b) the countercurrent exchanger of peritubular capillary network;

c) the countercurrent multiplying mechanism in the loop of Henle and ADH;

d) the effective reabsorptive pressure;

e) the glomerular filtration.

c) the countercurrent multiplying mechanism in the loop of Henle and ADH

The secretion of renin is stimulated by:

a) increased parasympathetic tone;

b) increased sympathetic tone;

c) increased extracellular fluid;

d) decreased level of adrenalin;

e) increased Na+ in the tubular fluid.

b) increased sympathetic tone

The atrial natriuretic peptide has/have the following effect/effects:

a) increase the reabsorbtion of Na+;

b) increase the excretion of Na+ and water;

c) increased excretion of Na+ passively followed by water and generalised vasodilation;

d) decreased resorption of water;

e) generalised vasoconstriction.

c) increased excretion of Na+ passively followed by water and generalised vasodilation

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus are found:

a) α1 - adrenergetic receptors;

b) α2 - adrenergetic receptors ;

c) β1 - adrenergetic receptors;

d) β2 - adrenergetic receptors;

e) М1 - cholinergetic receptors.

c) β1 - adrenergetic receptors

In osmotic diuresis:

a) the decrease in the volume of the final urine is due to solutes which are not absorbed in the renal tubules;

b) the increase in the volume of the final urine is due to solutes

which are nor absorbed in the renal tubules;

c) the decrease in the volume of the final urine is due to water which is not absorbed;

d) the increased urine flow is due to increased water reabsorption;

e) the mechanisms do not differ from these in water diuresis.

c) the decrease in the volume of the final urine is due to water which is not absorbed;

The secretion of less than 500 ml final urine per 24 hours is termed:

a) polyuria;

b) polydypsia;

c) oliguria;

d) anuria;

e) glucosuria.

c) oliguria

The nerve center, controlling the secretion of urine is located in:

a) midbrain;

b) medulla oblongata;

c) the thoracic segments of the spinal cord;

d) the sacral segments of the spinal cord; e) the lumbar segments of the spinal cord.

d) the sacral segments of the spinal cord