Intelligence and Creativity Overview

Intelligence

A trait or set of traits characterizing some individuals to a greater extent than others.

Piaget

Defines intelligence as thinking or adaptive behavior.

Psychometric Approach

Views intelligence as changeable and subject to environmental influence.

Charles Spearman's Two-factor Theory of Intelligence

g Factor: General Mental Ability; s Factor: Specific Abilities.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to actively solve novel problems, involving reasoning and drawing inferences.

Crystallized Intelligence

The use of acquired knowledge through schooling and life experiences.

Hierarchy of Intelligence

General ability factor, broad dimensions of ability, and specific abilities.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Calculated as MA/CA x 100, comparing mental age to chronological age.

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

Commissioned to identify children needing special instruction, developed intelligence test.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Binet's test revised by Lewis Terman for American children.

Wechsler Scales

Measures general ability influencing cognitive task performance.

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Rejects single IQ score, identifies multiple intelligences.

Sternberg's Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT)

Assesses analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Creativity

Ability to produce novel responses valued by others.

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Measures infant's motor and mental abilities.

Developmental Quotient (DQ)

Summarizes infant's performance compared to a norm group.

Infant Measures for Intelligence Prediction

Capture speed of information processing and preference for novelty.

Raymond Cattell and John Horn's Two Broad Dimensions of Intellect

Fluid Intelligence and Crystallized Intelligence.

Maturational Processes

Influence intelligence growth during infancy.

IQ Variability

Individuals show wide IQ score variations over time.

Adolescent Talent

Exceptional talents result from both nature and nurture influences.

IQ Stability in Adolescence

IQ scores remain stable, predict academic achievement.

Creativity in Adolescence

Levels rise, vary among individuals, influenced by societal norms.

Fluid vs. Crystallized Abilities

Some abilities decline more than others with age.

Occupational Status & IQ

IQ scores correlate with adult job status and health.

Age-Related IQ Decline

Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies show IQ decreases with age.

Wisdom in Adulthood

Exceptional insight influenced by experience more than age.

Creative Output in Adulthood

Increases in middle adulthood, remains above young adulthood levels.

Flynn Effect

Global rise in IQ scores attributed to improved living conditions.

Genetic & Environmental Factors in IQ

IQ differences linked to genetics and stimulating home environments.

Racial & Ethnic IQ Differences

Exist with various factors contributing, including motivation and environment.

Social Class Impact on IQ

Middle-class bias, improvement with higher socioeconomic status.

Intellectual Disability

Below-average intellectual functioning with adaptive behavior limitations.

Giftedness Definition

High IQ or special abilities in valued areas, outcomes generally above average.

Characteristics of Gifted Children

Rapid learning, extensive vocabulary, good memory, perfectionism, etc.