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Resting
Membrane at resting potential (-70mV)
• Maintained by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps & Voltage-gated channels
• Intracellular: [K+] high & [Na+] low
• Extracellular: [K+] high & [Na+] low
Depolarization
Neurotransmitter binding
• Na+ channels open rapidly
• Rapid influx of Na+ into the cell
• Membrane potential increases
Absolute Refractory
Peak
Na+ channels close
• Voltage-gated K+ channels open slowly
Absolute Refractory
Repolarization
K+ channels open fully
• K+ exit the cells
• Membrane potential decreases
• Gradual return to -70mV
Absolute Refractory
Hyperpolarization (undershoot)
K+ exit continues
• Membrane potential dips below the resting potential (-80mV)
• Delayed closure of K+ channels complete
• Resting potential is restored
Relative Refractory (larger than normal stimuli can trigger)