Studying and Encoding Memories & Storing and Retrieving Memories

Memory

Persistence of learning through encoding, storage, retrieval.

Ebbinghaus' Retention Curve

More practice reduces relearning time for memories.

Information-Processing Model

Compares human memory to computer operations.

Three Processes of Memory

Encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Connectionism Model

Focuses on parallel processing in neural networks.

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Three stages: sensory, short-term, long-term memory.

Sensory Memory

Immediate, brief recording of sensory information.

Short-Term Memory

Processes information through rehearsal for encoding.

Long-Term Memory

Stores information for later retrieval.

Working Memory

Active processing of incoming and retrieved information.

Central Executive

Manages attention and retrieves information in working memory.

Automatic Processing

Information processed without conscious awareness.

Explicit Memories

Conscious facts and experiences encoded with effort.

Implicit Memories

Automatic skills and associations formed unconsciously.

Iconic Memory

Visual sensory memory for images.

Echoic Memory

Auditory sensory memory for sounds.

Dual-Track Memory System

Includes explicit and implicit memory types.

Effortful Processing

Conscious encoding of information requiring attention.

Classically Conditioned Associations

Learned responses formed through automatic processing.

Total Recall Experiment

Sperling's study on brief sensory memory accuracy.

Relearning Speed

Measure of memory retention over time.

Memory Construction

Process of creating and reconstructing memories.

Short-term memory

Holds few items briefly before storage or forgetting.

Magical Number Seven

Average capacity of short-term memory is seven items.

Chunking

Organizing items into manageable, familiar units.

Mnemonics

Memory aids using imagery and organizational techniques.

Peg-word system

Associates words with numbers for better recall.

Hierarchies

Organizes concepts into broad categories and subcategories.

Spacing effect

Better retention when encoding is spread over time.

Distributed practice

Enhances long-term recall through spaced learning.

Massed practice

Leads to quick learning but poor long-term retention.

Testing effect

Enhanced memory retention through retrieval practice.

Shallow processing

Basic encoding based on superficial characteristics.

Deep processing

Semantic encoding based on meaning of words.

Hippocampus

Critical for explicit memory formation and consolidation.

Frontal lobes

Involved in explicit memory processing.

Cerebellum

Involved in implicit memory and motor skills.

Basal ganglia

Supports formation of implicit memories for skills.

Infantile amnesia

Lack of conscious memory before age three.

Amygdala

Processes emotion-related memories and arousal.

Flashbulb memories

Vivid memories triggered by emotional events.

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Increased synaptic firing potential linked to memory.

Kandel and Schwartz

Studied neural changes in sea slugs during learning.

Serotonin release

Increases efficiency of synaptic connections with learning.

Memory consolidation

Process of stabilizing memories for long-term storage.

Doubled receptor sites

Increased receptor sites enhance neurotransmitter sensitivity.

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Process that strengthens synapses based on recent patterns.

Memory retrieval cues

Stimuli that aid in accessing stored memories.

Priming

Unconscious activation of related memory associations.

Context-dependent memory

Improved recall when encoding and retrieval contexts match.

Encoding specificity principle

Specific cues enhance memory recall effectiveness.

State-dependent memory

Recall influenced by current mood states.

Mood-congruent memory

Recalling memories consistent with one's current mood.

Serial position effect

Better recall for first and last items in lists.