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Key Terms to Review (23)
Aldose Sugar
Aldose sugars are a type of monosaccharide (simple sugar) that contains an aldehyde group (-CHO).
Amino Acids
Amino acids are organic compounds that combine to form proteins. They are the building blocks of life and are vital for a number of functions in the body.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are biomolecules consisting mainly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are one of the four main types of macromolecules in living organisms and serve as a primary source of energy.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a type of lipid that is crucial for all animal life. It's an integral component of cell membranes and serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid, and vitamin D.
DNA
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms.
Fatty Acids
Fatty acids are carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. They serve as a source of energy and an important component of lipid molecules.
Fructose
Fructose is a monosaccharide found in many fruits and honey, often used as a sweetener.
Glucose
Glucose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) that serves as the main source of energy for cells in living organisms.
Glycerol
Glycerol is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless, odorless liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic.
Ketose Sugar
Ketoses are a type of monosaccharide (simple sugar) characterized by a ketone functional group (C=O) within their structure.
Lipids
Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids. They are an important part of living cells and serve as energy storage.
Monosaccharide
A monosaccharide is the simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules essential for all known forms of life. They include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), which carry genetic information.
Nucleotides
Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA. They consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Peptide Bonds
A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O). This is a dehydration synthesis reaction.
Phospholipids
These are a type of lipid molecule that is the main component of the cell membrane. They're made up of two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone.
Polypeptides
A polypeptide is a single linear chain of many amino acids, held together by amide bonds. A protein can be made up of one or more polypeptide molecules.
Proteins
Large biomolecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms.
RNA
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is a molecule similar to DNA that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and other chemical activities of the cell.
Saturated Fatty Acids
These are types of fatty acids where all the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are connected by single bonds, meaning they're saturated with hydrogen atoms.
Steroids
Steroids are a type of lipid molecule that is characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings. They play various roles in the body, including acting as hormones.
Triglyceride/Triacylglycerol
A type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. It's made up of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
These are types of fatty acids that contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms within the hydrocarbon chain. This means they aren't fully 'saturated' with hydrogen atoms.
