BIOL 252 Lab on reflexes and reaction time
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73 Terms
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spinal cord
Carries sensory information from the spinal nerves to the brain.
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motor information
Information carried from the brain to the spinal nerves.
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reflexes
The spinal cord does cause reflexes.
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white matter
Contains a lot of myelin.
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gray matter
Does not contain myelin; consists of unmyelinated axons, synapses, glial cells, and astrocytes.
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decisions processing
Gray matter is where decisions and processes are done.
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spinal cord length
The spinal cord is not as long as the spine.
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spinal cord growth
The spinal cord stops growing when you are 4 years old, ending at L1/L2.
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nerve
In the PNS, a nerve is comparable to a tract in the CNS, which is a bundle of axons.
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ganglia
A cluster of neurons in the PNS; in the CNS, it is referred to as a nucleus.
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cortex
A cluster of gray matter on the brain's surface.
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cervical enlargement
Where nerves that go to the shoulders and arms attach.
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lumbosacral enlargement
Where nerves that go to the pelvis and legs attach.
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conus medullaris
The tapered end of the spinal cord.
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cauda equina
The horse's tail of nerve roots that come out of the end of the spine.
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spinal roots
There are 31 pairs of spinal roots, totaling 62; each nerve has 2 roots.
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ventral root
Contains motor axons.
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dorsal root
Contains sensory axons; these roots are mixed.
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SAD / MEV
Sensory; afferent; dorsal / Motor; efferent; ventral.
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meninges
The protective layer of the spine, which provides stability and shock absorption.
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dura mater
The outermost layer of the meninges; contains blood vessels and adipose tissue.
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arachnoid mater
The second layer of meninges; continuous with a weblike network of fibers.
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pia mater
The third layer of meninges; contains CSF.
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ventral horns
Contain somatic motor nuclei.
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lateral horns
Contain autonomic nuclei; found only in thoracic and upper lumbar regions.
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dorsal horns
Contain somatic and autonomic sensory nuclei.
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central canal
Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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commissure
Matter that crosses over from one side to another.
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ventral white commissure
The main white matter commissure.
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column
A bunch of tracts that convey information to and from the brain.
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ascending tracts
Go upwards; they are sensory.
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descending tracts
Go downwards; they are motor.
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spinal nerves
All spinal nerves are mixed with sensory and motor neurons.
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axon
An axon = nerve fiber = fiber.
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cervical spinal nerves
There are 8 cervical spinal nerves.
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thoracic spinal nerves
There are 12 thoracic spinal nerves.
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lumbar spinal nerves
There are 5 lumbar spinal nerves.
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sacral spinal nerves
There are 5 sacral spinal nerves.
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coccygeal spinal nerves
There is 1 coccygeal spinal nerve.
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epineurium
The first connective tissue layer in a nerve.
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perineurium
The second connective tissue layer in a nerve.
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endoneurium
The third connective tissue layer for individual axons.
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rami
A branch that comes out of the nerve, generally mixed.
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posterior ramus
Goes to your back; contains somatic and visceral information.
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anterior ramus
Carries information to and from limbs; it is the biggest branch.
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rami communicantes
Carries visceral information, leading to sympathetic ganglia.
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interoceptors
What carries visceral information.
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dermatome
A specific skin region innervated by a single pair of spinal nerves; it is not absolute.
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nerve plexus
Where a bunch of nerves all meet together; there are 4 major plexuses.
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cervical plexuses location
C1-C5.
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brachial plexus location
C5-T1.
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lumbar plexus location
T12-L4.
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sacral plexus location
L4-S4.
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neuronal pools
Functional groups of interconnected interneurons in the CNS.
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neural circuit
How these pools work together.
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divergence circuit
Where one source spreads information to multiple neurons.
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convergence circuit
Where multiple sources spread information to one neuron.
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serial processing circuit
Where neurons and pools work in a sequence.
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parallel processing circuit
A circuit in which neurons or pools process information at the same time.
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reverberation circuit
A positive feedback circuit loop.
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reflex
A rapid, unconscious response to a stimuli.
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innate reflexes
Reflexes you are born with, such as the star reflex.
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acquired reflexes
Reflexes that you learn, like the brake-light reflex.
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somatic reflex
A reflex that involves skeletal muscle.
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visceral reflex
A reflex that involves smooth muscles and glands.
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monosynaptic reflex
A reflex with one synapse.
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polysynaptic reflex
A reflex with more than one synapse.
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influence reflexes
Yes, you can influence reflexes.
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reflex arc
The neural pattern of a reflex.
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patellar reflex
A classic example of a reflex; a stretch reflex.
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flexor reflex
An example is withdrawing your hand from a hot stove; it is a polysynaptic reflex.
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reciprocal inhibition
When you activate one side of motor neurons, you relax the other side.
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crossed extensor reflex
When you withdraw but then push away from the other side; it uses both sides of your body.
Flashcards (23)