Chapter 5 Mn 1st 4 Billion Years

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Other two categories of Rocks

Other two categories of Rocks

Igneous and Metamorphic

Sediments in locations A, B, and C:

Sediments in location A: Fine-grained particles deposited by wind or water, forming layers over time.

Sediments in location B: Coarse-grained materials like sand and gravel, deposited by rivers or glaciers.

Sediments in location C: Organic matter and shells accumulate in marine environments, creating sedimentary layers.

Sand

A granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. It is often used in construction, landscaping, and as a raw material for manufacturing. Sand can vary in color, texture, and composition depending on its source and the specific application it is used for.

Silt and Clay

Fine-grained soil particles smaller than sand. Silt has moderate water-holding capacity and is smooth to the touch. Clay has the smallest particles, high water-holding capacity, and feels sticky when wet. Both are important soil types for agriculture and construction.

Calcim Carbonate and Shells

Calcium carbonate is a compound found in shells. It is a white, powdery substance that is insoluble in water. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement to provide calcium to the body.

Stone formed from each kind of sediment:

Type of rock formed from compacted sediment such as sand, silt, or clay. Can be classified as sandstone, siltstone, or shale based on the type of sediment.

Sandstone

A sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized grains held together by a natural cementing material. It is often found in layers and varies in color, texture, and composition. Sandstone is commonly used in construction, as a building material, and as a decorative stone due to its durability and aesthetic appeal.

Shale

Type of sedimentary rock formed from compressed mud and clay. It has a fine-grained texture and splits easily into thin layers. Commonly found in areas with abundant organic matter. Used in construction, as a source of oil and gas, and in the production of bricks and ceramics.

Limestone

Sedimentary rock formed from the accumulation of calcium carbonate. Often composed of fossilized remains of marine organisms. Used in construction, as a building material, and in the production of cement.

Rock most likely found at St Cloud

Granite

Oldest Rock in Minnesota

Morton Gneiss

County in Minnesota with more Karst and caves

Fillmore County

Two commercial caves in Minnesota open to the general public for guided tours:

Particle Size: Silt and Clay Definition: Fine-grained soil particles. Silt particles are larger than clay particles but smaller than sand particles. Clay particles are the smallest and have a high plasticity when wet. Both silt and clay are important components of soil, influencing its texture and fertility.

Mystery Cave State Park

Flashcard: Mystery Cave State Park

• Location: Minnesota, USA

• Features: Longest cave in the state, limestone formations, underground rivers

• Activities: Cave tours, hiking, camping, picnicking

• Wildlife: Bats, salamanders, rare cave-dwelling species

• History: Used by Native Americans and early settlers

• Importance: Protects unique geological and ecological features

Niagara Cave

A natural limestone cave located in Minnesota, USA, known for its stunning underground formations, including stalactites and stalagmites. Features a 60-foot waterfall and a 200-foot underground river. Offers guided tours for visitors to explore the cave's unique geological wonders.

Marine environment when the St Peter Sandstone was deposited

Shoreline/Beach

Marine environment when the Glenwood Shale was deposited

Shallow water

Marine environment when the Platteville Limestone was deposited

Deep water

Ocean level from St Peter Sandstone to Platteville Limestone

Fall

Minnesota's four "Iron Ranges":

Flashcard: "Minnesota's four 'Iron Ranges'"

• Mesabi Range: Largest iron ore deposit in the US, located in northeastern Minnesota.

• Vermilion Range: Produces high-grade iron ore, located north of the Mesabi Range.

• Cuyuna Range: Known for its manganese deposits, located in central Minnesota.

• Gunflint Range: Contains iron ore and extends into Ontario, Canada, located in northeastern Minnesota.

Vermilion Range

A major iron ore deposit located in northeastern Minnesota, United States. It is known for its high-quality hematite iron ore, which has been mined since the late 19th century. The Vermilion Range played a significant role in the industrialization and growth of the iron and steel industry in the United States.

Mesabi Range

A vast iron ore deposit located in Minnesota, USA. It is one of the largest iron ore reserves in the world, stretching over 110 miles. The Mesabi Range played a crucial role in the development of the American steel industry during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Cuyuna Range

A region in Minnesota known for its rich iron ore deposits and mining history. Located in Crow Wing County, it was a major source of iron ore from the early 1900s until the 1980s. The Cuyuna Range is now recognized for its recreational opportunities, with numerous lakes, trails, and parks attracting outdoor enthusiasts for activities like mountain biking and scuba diving.

Gunflint Range

Location in northeastern Minnesota known for its rugged wilderness and outdoor recreational activities such as hiking, camping, and fishing. Rich in natural beauty, the Gunflint Range offers stunning views of lakes, forests, and wildlife. A popular destination for nature enthusiasts and adventurers seeking an escape into the wilderness.

Geologic Era

Early Precambrian

Geologic Era

Middle Precambrian

Geologic Era

Devonian

Geologic Era

Ordovician

Geologic Era

Early Precambrian

Geologic Era

Cambrian and Ordovician

Geologic Era

Late Precambrian

Geologic Era

Late Precambrian

Geologic Era

Early Precambrian

Geologic Era

Middle Precambrian

Geologic Era

Cretaceous