a and p 2: lab cadiovascular physiology

in the second intercostal space, the right of the sternum

where is the sound with the closrue of the aortic sl valve best heard?

second intercostal space onthe left side of the sternum

where is the sound of the closure ofthe pulmonary sl valve best heard?

in the 5th intercostal space just right of the sternum

where is the tricuspid sound best heard?

5th intercostal space on the left side of the heart

where is the bicuspid sound best heard?

pulse

expansion and recoil of an atery as blood is forced into the artery from the heart

apical pulse

the heart rate obtained by counting the actual heart beats heard using a stethescope on the chest

pulse deficit

difference between the apical and radial pulse

no

is a pulse deficit over one normal?

cardiac or vessel impairent
decompensation
weakened heart
low cardiac output
blocked vessels

what may a alrge pulse deficit inducate?

sounds of korotkoff

turbulance cauases sounds that can be heard using a stethescope
like drawing fluid throguh a obstructed straw

systolic pressure

represents the pressure on the arteries when the centricles are contracting

diastolic pressure

represents the pressure on the arteries when the ventricles are not contracting

pulse pressure

systolic minus diastolic pressure
actual working pressure of the heart

mean arterial pressure

diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)

hypoertension

one of the most commone diseases worldwide
bp consistantly over 140/90

essenstial or secondary
essential: no known cause 90% of cases
secondary: known cause underlying cause, sudden onset, kidney damage, tumors, meds

what are some causes of hypertension?

high bp cuases no symtoms
some may have headaches, dizzy, nose bleeds

what are some symptoms of hypertension?

fam history, age, weight, race, pregnancy, excess salt intake, stress, smoking, alcohol

what are some risk factors of hypertension?

damages vessel wall, atherosclerosis, blood clots, brain damage, aneurysms, hemmorage, heart failure, thickening of the heart wall

what are some compliation of hypertension?

medications, diuretics, beta blockers, ca channel blockers, weight loss, stop smoking

what are some treatments for hypertension?

yes by a lot and they cant be measured using a stethescope

is venous pressure lower than aterial pressures?

increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity with compresses veins in the thorax preventing blood from retuirning to the heart increasing blood volume and pressure in the veins

what does the valsalva's maneuvar do?

assist in diagnosis heart conditions

why is the valsalva's maneuvar used ?

correction of some heart abnor. to normal sinus rythum allowing the ehart to be resent to normal rhythm

how can the valsalva's maneuvar be used as a treatment?

othostatic hypotension

getting up and feeling dizzy
due to blood pools in the dailated vessels in the legs

labile blood pressure

emourmous increase in bp

large increase of greater than 22mm in either systolic or diastolic pressure in resopnse to a physical discomfort
genrally they have high cardiovascular reactivity to stressors of all kinds both physical and mental

what classifies someone as a hyperreactor?

bp inreases no more than 22mm when there is a stressor
cardiovascular system is less reactive to stressors

what classifies someone as a hyporeactor?

peripheral artery disease

atherosclerosis of the legs
descresed blood flow thru the legs
can cuase pain when walking, coldness in the leg/foot, numbness, poor wound healing on the elgs, possible tissue death

systol. pressure in the ankle/ sys. pressure on the arm

how do you calculate ABI?

atherosclerosis

leading cause of illness and death within the us for both men and women
causes more than a 3rd of the deaths each year
condition whic h the artery wall thickens as a result of buildup of fatty material
can occur in any artery and development is an ongoing process no symtoms until it is a major problem
can weaken the outer wall fo the vessel

damage to the epithelium by high bo, high blood glucose, carbon monoxide, chemicals in blood, infectious agents, cuasing cholesterol plaques

what is the intial trigger for the development of atherosclerosis?

family history, anything that will damage vessel walls, smoking,

what are some risk facotrs for atherosclerosis?

stop using tabacco, losing weight, becoming more active, eating well,

what are some prevention atherosclerosis?

medications, angioplasty, bypass, changing diet, losing wieght, stop smoking, asprin,

what are some treatment for atherosclerosis?