Evolution of Health Care Delivery

Flashcards covering the historical evolution of health care delivery, key figures in medicine, and historical medical breakthroughs from prehistoric times to the 21st century.

Prehistoric Wounds Treatment

Methods included immersion in cool water, applying mud to irritated areas, sucking stings, licking wounds, and exerting pressure to stop bleeding.

Mesopotamians

Ancient people who believed the liver was the "seat of life."

Ancient Hebrews

Believed disease was a divine punishment or mark of sin.

Four Humors

Defined by $4^{th}$ Century Hebrews as an imbalance of phelgm, blood, yellow bile, and black bile.

Isis

The healing goddess of ancient Egypt.

Hathor

The mistress of heaven and protector of women during childbirth in ancient Egypt.

Keket

The ancient Egyptian deity associated with fertility.

Ancient Egypt Health Practices

Included embalming, which linked anatomy and physiology with theology, and drugs made from vegetable, mineral, and animal substances.

Ancient India

Practiced surgery on the nose, earlobes, harelips, and hernias, performed cesarean sections, and detected diabetes by the sweetness of urine.

Yin and Yang

The balance of harmony in Ancient China; Tao was considered the way.

Nei Ching

An Ancient Chinese text outlining five methods of treatment: cure the spirit, nourish the body, give medications, treat the whole body, and use acupuncture and moxibustion.

Ancient China ($11^{th}$ Century)

Developed an inoculation against smallpox.

Tholos

A round building in Ancient Greece that encircled a pool or sacred spring of water for purification.

Abaton

An incubation site building in Ancient Greece where the cure took place.

Thales

Believed the basic element in all animal and plant life was water.

Anaximander

Taught that living creatures originated in water.

Anaximenes

Believed air is necessary for life.

Heraclitus

Identified fire as the principal element of life.

Hippocrates

The Father of Medicine who revolutionized medicine into an objective science and addressed mental illness, anxiety, and depression.

Constantine

Roman Emperor who founded a hospital in the $4^{th}$ century.

Paracelsus

The father of pharmacology.

Jean Fernel

Discovered that physiology, pathology, and therapeutics were standard disciplines of medicine and suggested gonorrhea and syphilis are separate diseases.

Ambroise Pare

The forerunner of clinical surgery.

Andreas Versalius

The father of anatomy.

Iatrochemistry

A combination of alchemy, medicine, and chemistry during the Renaissance.

Jan Baptista van Helmont

Performed the first measurement of the relative weight of urine.

William Harvey

Discovered the continuous circulation of blood in the body system.

Christian Huygens

Developed the Centigrade system for measuring temperature.

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit

Developed a system of measuring temperature.

Marcello Malpighi and Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Forerunners in the invention of the microscope.

Leonardo da Vinci

Explored human anatomy through dissections.

Albrecht von Haller

Founder of modern physiologic theory who discovered the relationship of the brain cortex to peripheral nerves.

Stephen Hales

The first person to record blood pressure with a manometer.

Giovanni Battista Morgagni

The father of pathology who correlated anatomy with pathology.

Edward Jenner

Developed the smallpox vaccination.

John Hunter

Experimental surgeon and pioneer in comparative anatomy who developed a method for closing off aneurysms.

Philippe Pinel

Instilled a humane regimen for the care and treatment of mentally ill patients.

Rudolf Virchow

Proposed that all cells come from other cells.

Claude Bernard

Founder of experimental physiology who discovered the principle of homeostasis and linked the pancreas with diabetes.

Rene-Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec

Pioneer in the invention and use of the stethoscope.

Ephraim McDowell

Performed the first successful abdominal surgery to remove an ovarian cyst.

J. Marion Sims

Founded the Women’s Hospital of the State of New York and invented the Sims position, speculum, and catheter.

Joseph Lister

Discovered that bacteria were often the origin of disease and pioneered safe surgical procedures.

Louis Pasteur

Proposed the Germ theory of disease and explained the effectiveness of asepsis and antisepsis.

Robert Koch

Founded bacteriology through extensive research into microorganisms.

Benjamin Rush

The first American Psychiatrist.

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Discovered x-rays on November $8$, $1895$.

Pierre and Marie Curie

Discovered radium and provided a foundation for radioactivity in disease treatment.

Paul Ehrlich

The father of chemotherapy.

Willem Einthoven

Made the first electrocardiogram.

Watson and Crick

Accurately described the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule in $1962$.

Christiaan Barnard

Performed the first successful human heart transplant.

WHO Health Definition

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Mortality

The death rate.

Morbidity

The occurrence of a disease or condition.