biology 1 test 2

mod. 2-3

matter

what is anything that takes up space and has mass?

positive charge

what kind of charge does a proton have?

no charge

what kind of charge does a neutron have?

negative charge

what kind of charge does an electron have?

the number of protons in an atom— unique to each type of atom

what is an atomic numebr?

element

what is the collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons?

one of several forms of an element, each containing the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

what are isotopes?

molecule

what is it called when two or more atoms link together chemically?

compound

what is a molecule that contains atoms of at least two different elements?

ionic bond

what is it when one type of chemical bond forms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another?

ion

what is a positively or negatively charged atom (or group of atoms) resulting from the transfer of electrons?

covalent bond

what is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms?

polar compound

what is a molecule in which there is an unequal distribution of the negatively charged electrons causing a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other?

hydrogen bond

what is a weak electrical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom of another molecule (usually oxygen or nitrogen)?

solvent

what is any substance in which other substances are dissolved?

solute

what is a dissolved substance called?

solution

what is a mixture of solutes dissolved in a solvent?

aqueous solution

what is a solution in which water is the solvent?

cohesion

what is an attractive force that hold molecules of the same substance together?

adhesion

what is an attractive force that hold molecules of different substances together?

heat capacity

what is the amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature?

organic molecules

what kind of molecules are found in living organisms that contain carbon in rings or long chains, attached to their atoms likely hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus?

biosynthesis

what is the process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones?

carbohydrates

what organic molecules contain only carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen?

isomers

what are two different molecules that have the same chemical formula?

monosaccharides

what are simple sugars; they are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates?

disaccharides

what carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides?

polysaccharides

what carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides?

dehydration reaction

what is a chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water?

starches

what are polysaccharides (found in plants)?

cellulose

what are polysaccharides which is the components of the cell wall in plants called?

glycogen

what is found in the liver; a polysaccharide consisting of many glucose molecules stored in animals?

hydrolysis

what is the breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water called?

lipids

what are the fatty acids that are insoluble in water called?

saturated fats

what is the lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms?

unsaturated fats

what is a lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms?

steroid

what is the lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings (estrogen and testosterone)?

amino acids

what is the basic building block of proteins each containing a carboxyl group and an amino group called?

hydrophilic

what attracts water molecules?

peptide bond

what is a covalent bond that links amino acids together in a polypeptide?

enzymes

what is a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction called?

catalyst

what is a substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process?

activation energy

what is the energy needed to get reactions started called?

active site

what is the area of an enzyme to which a specific substrate fits?

substrate

what is a specific reacted acted on by an enzyme?

denaturation

what is the process in which the normal shape of a protein is lost, usually due to heat?

nucleotides

what are the building block of DNA and RNA?

ecology

what is the study of living to nonliving things?

biosphere

what is the sum of all of the earth’s ecosystems in land, water, or air?

species

what is a unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and reproductively isolated from other such units?

biotic

what are living organisms (plants, animals, bacteria)?

abiotic

what are nonliving organisms (sunlight, water, air)?

producers

what are (autotrophs) which produce their own food?

consumers

what are organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food?

heterotrophs

what are omnivores, carnivores, and herbivores; they are consumers?

decomposers

fungi, bacteria, etc.; eat dead organisms called?

tertiary consumers

what type of consumers are carnivores that eat carnivores?

secondary consumers

what type of consumers are omnivores that eat herbivores?

primary consumers

what consumers are those that eat primarily plants?

quaternary consumer

what consumer is an organism that eats tertiary consumers?

food chain

what is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten?

food web

what links all food chains into an ecosystem?

biomass

what is a measure of the total amount of living tissue of organisms within a trophic level in an ecosystem?

primary productivity

what is the rate at which producers in an ecosystem build biomass?

energy pyramids, biomass pyramids, and pyramids of numbers

what are the three types of pyramids used by ecologists depending on what information they want to depict?

ecological pyramids

what is a pyramid-shaped diagrams that show the amount of energy or matter at each trophic level in an ecosystem?

transpiration

what is the evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant called?

greenhouse effect

what is the process by which certain gases (primarily carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane) tap heat that would otherwise escape the Earth and radiate into space?

symbiosis

what is a close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits called?

habitat

what is the specific environment of an organism both biotic and abiotic?

niche

what is an organism’s role in its ecosystem, including its habitat, physical requirements (such as light, water, food sources), the time of day it is active, its place on the food chain, and when and how it reproduces?