A(n) ________ and range survey system based upon lines of latitude and longitude.
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City location
________ and the level of urban economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagonal market areas, which overlapped at different scales.
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homogeneous characteristic
A(n) ________ can be a common language.
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Long lot patterns
________ have a narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind.
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The concept of sequent occupancy is considered over a long term
in other words, the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a places history
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Regions are categorized into three groups
formal, functional, and vernacular
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1
50,000
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1
1,000,000
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accuracy is based upon two concepts
area preservation and shape preservation
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space
the geometric surface of the Earth
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activity space
the area wherein activity occurs on a daily basis
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place
an area of bounded space of some human importance
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sequent occupancy
the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place’s history
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scale
the relationship of an object or place to the Earth as a whole
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map scale
the “absolute” form of the scale concept
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relative scale/scale of analysis
the level of aggregation, or in other words, the level at which you group things together for examination
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formal regions
areas of bounded space that possess some homogeneous characteristic or uniformity
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functional/nodal regions
areas that have a central place, or node, that is a focus or point of origin that expresses some practical purpose
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vernacular regions
the perception or collective mental map of the region’s residents
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absolute location
a point or place on the map using coordinates such as latitude and longitude
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time zones
divided up into 15-degree-wide longitudinal zones around the world with some exceptions. This is because 360° divided by 24 hours a day equals 15°.
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relative location
the location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature
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site
the physical characteristics of a place
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situation
the place’s interrelatedness with other places
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linear absolute distance
the distance between two places as measured in linear units such as miles or kilometers
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distance decay
the farther away different places are from a place of origin, the less likely interaction will be with the original place
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Tobler's law
all places are interrelated, but closer places are more related than farther ones
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friction of distance
the length of distance that becomes a factor that inhibits the interaction between two points
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Space-Time Compression
decreased time and relative distance between places
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Human-Environmental Transportation
the effect that humans have on their environment, and vice versa
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central places
any node of human activity and are most often the centers of economic exchange
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central place theory
developed in the 1930s by the German geographer Walter Christaller and states that
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core and periphery relationships
displayed by different regional, cultural, economic, political, and environmental phenomena and human activities
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central business district (CBD)
the core of the urban landscape, a country’s capital is the core of its political landscape
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cluster
things are grouped together on the Earth’s surface
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agglomeration
when clustering occurs purposefully around a central point or an economic growth pole
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random pattern
no rhyme or reason to the distribution of a spatial phenomenon
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scattered pattern
objects that are normally ordered but appear dispersed
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linear pattern
straight line
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sinous pattern
wavy line
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land survey patterns
affect the property lines and political boundaries of states and provinces
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long-lot patterns
a narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind
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arithmetic density
the number of things per square unit of distance
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physiologic density
he number of people per square unit of arable land, meaning land that either is actively farmed or has the potential to be
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agricultural density
the number of farmers per square unit of arable land
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contagious diffusion
begins at a point of origin and then moves outward to nearby locations, especially those on adjoining transportation lines
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hearth
the point of origin or place of innovation
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expansion diffusion
originates in a central place and then expands outward in all directions to other locations
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hierarchical diffusion
originates in a first-order location and then moves down to second-order locations and from each of these to subordinate locations at increasingly local scales
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stimulus diffusion pattern
a general or underlying principle that diffuses and then stimulates the creation of new products or ideas
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relocation diffusion pattern
begins at a point of origin and then crosses a significant physical barrier, such as an ocean, a mountain range, or a desert, and then relocates on the other side
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topographic maps
show the contour lines of elevation, as well as the urban and vegetation surface with roads, buildings, river, and other natural landscape features
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thematic maps
express a particular subject and does not show land forms for other features
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mental map
the cognitive image of landscape in the human mind
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large-scale map
a map with a ratio that is a comparatively large real number
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small-scale map
a map with a ratio that is a comparatively very small real number
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equal-area projections
maintain the relative spatial science and the areas on the map
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conformal projections
attempt to maintain the shape of polygons on the map
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spatial models
show the commonalities in pattern among similar landscapes
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urban models
show how different cities have similar spatial relationships and economic or social structures
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demographic transition models
non-spatial models that use population data to construct a general model of the dynamic growth in national scale populations without reference to space
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concentric zone model
modified to create a graph showing the cost-to-distance relationship in urban real estate prices
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gravity model
a mathematical model that is used in a number of different types of spatial analysis
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
incorporates one or more data layers in a computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping
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Global Positioning System (GPS)
utilizes a worldwide network of satellites, which emit a measurable radio signal
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toponym
a place-name assigned to a location when human importance is recognized
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regions
a type of place, and there are other categories of places, such as urban places, places of work, resource locations, and transportation nodes
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culture regions
tend to have fuzzy borders
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political regions
boundaries are finite and well-defined
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environmental regions
boundaries are transitional and measurable
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ecotone
the environmental transition zone between two bioregions
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intervening opportunity
an attraction at a shorter distance that takes precedence over an attraction that is farther away
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Prime Meridian
0° longitude and runs through Great Britain because the means to accurately calculate longitude at sea was developed by the British Royal Navy
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equator
a circle dividing a sphere or other surface into two usually equal and symmetrical parts at 0° latitude
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rectilinear township and range survey system
based upon lines of latitude and longitude
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spatial analysis
the mathematical analysis of one or more quantitative geographic patterns
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choropleth map
a thematic map that expresses the geographic variability of a particular theme using color variations
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isoline map
calculates data values between points across a variable surface
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dot density map
uses dots to express the volume and density of a particular geographic feature
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flow-line map
uses lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement pattern
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cartograms
uses simplified geometries to represent real-world places
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map scale
the “absolute” form of the scale concept
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linear map scale
expresses distance on the map surface
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ratio scale
the mathematical relationship between the distance on the map compared to the real distance on the Earth’s surface
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projection
creates different levels of accuracy in terms of size and shape distortion for different parts of the Earth
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Robinson projection and Goode’s homolosine projection
balance area and form, sacrificing a bit of both to create a more visually practical representation of the Earth’s surface
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model
an abstract generalization of real-world geographies that share a common pattern
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aerial photographs
images of the Earth from an aircraft, printed on film, but digital camera usage is on the increase
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remote-sensing satellites
use a computerized scanner to record data from the Earth’s surface
Studied by 10 people
