Bio Unit 6

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IPMAT

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143 Terms

1

IPMAT

stages of cell cycle

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90%

% of cell life spent in interphase

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10%

% of cell life spent in mitosis and cytokinesis

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G1, S, G2

stages of interphase

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G1

stage of interphase where most time is spent, growth, metabollic activity, produces protein + organelles

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S

DNA synthesis phase, copies chromosomes

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G2

organelle duplication phase, also growing, activity1

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nuclear division

PMAT, not cytokinesis

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cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm

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functions of cell division

asexual reproduction, growth + development, tissue renewal

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chromatin fibers

state of DNA when a cell is not dividing/preparing for cell division

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DNA condensation

after replication, each chromosome fiber becomes densely coiled and folded, shorter and thicker

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unduplicated chromosome

single w/ one centromere, not attached to anything else

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duplicated chromosome

sister chromatids attached at centromere

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ovaries/testes

meiosis location

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1 division per 24 hrs

length of cycle

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1 hr

M phase length

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10-12 hrs

S phase length

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4-6 hrs

G2 phase length

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5-6 hrs

G1 phase length

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animal cytokinesis

cleavage furrow, pinches cell in two

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plant cytokinesis

cell plate which divides cell into two and creates a new cell wall

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3 checkpoints

in the G1, G2, M phases

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G2 Checkpoint

cyclin produced, combines with CDK to form MPF, passes checkpoint and begins mitosis

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MPF

promotes mitosis by phosphorylating various proteins

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activity of MPF

peaks during metaphase

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cyclin component of MPF

degraded during anaphase, terminates the M phase, cell enters G1 phase

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Cyclin degradation

continues during G1

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CDK

recycled during G1

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concentration of cyclin

increases starting at S phase of interphase, starts to decrease during M phase

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during mitosis

when is MPF active

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G1 w/o go-ahead

cell exits the cycle and enters G0 (non-dividing state)

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G0

cell’s non-dividing state

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G1 w/ go ahead signal

cell continues on in the cell cycle

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M Checkpoint stop

prometaphase, a cell receives stop signal when any chromosomes aren’t attached to spindle fibers

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M Checkpoint pass

metaphase to anaphase, when all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers from both poles, go-ahead signal allows cel to go to anaphase

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development from a fertlized cell, growth, repair

multicellular eukaryotes depend on cell division for

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chromatid

each half of the chromosome

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centromere

point where chromatids attach

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chromatin

thin, uncoiled strands of DNA and protein, interphase

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genome

all DNA

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somatic cell

body cells

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gamete

sex cell (sperm/egg), haploid (n, 23 chromosomes)

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histones

protein that condenses DNA

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DNA→ chromatin → chromsome

order of DNA condensation

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chromsomes

can’t see them in interphase

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23 pairs, 46 total

number of chromosomes in somatic cells

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prophase

early mitotic spindle, start to see condensed chromosomes, nuclear envelope starts to disapear

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prometaphase

centrioles start to separate chromosomes, fragments of nuclear envelope, spindle fibers attach

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metaphase

chromsomes attached to spindle fibers, align along metaphase plate (equator), centrosome at one spindle pole,

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anaphase

chromosomes pulled apart (into daughter chromosomes), pulled and pushed by spindle fibers

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telophase

chromosomes at opposite ends, nuclear envelope reappearing, nucleolus forming

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cytokinesis

cytoplasm splits into 2, cleavage furrow pinching

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mitotic spindle

structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis

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centrosome

where assembly of spindle microtubules begins in animal cells, the microtubule organizing center, replicates during interphase

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kinetochore

kinetochore

s

a protein structure that forms on a chromatid during cell division, serves as a point of attachment for spindle fibers, which are responsible for separating the chromatids during mitosis or meiosis.

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cell plate

way of creating new cell wall for cytokinesis in plant cells

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binary fission

reproduction for prokaryotes, chromsome replicates (begining at origin of replication), 2 daughter chromosomes move apart, plasma membrane pinches inward

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yes

is the nuclear envelope present in G2 of interphase

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yes

is the nuclear envelope present in prophase

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yes

are the nucleoli visibile in G2

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yes

are the chromsomes duplicated in G2

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no

are the chromsomes visible and condensed in G2

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no

are nuceloli visible in prophase

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yes

are chromsomes condensed, visible, and duplicated in prophase

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no, fragments

is the nuclear envelope present in prometaphase

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yes

are chromsomes duplicated and condensed in prometaphase

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no

is the nuclear envelope present in metaphase

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yes

are chromosomes duplicated and condensed in metaphase

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opposite poles

where are centrosomes located in metaphase

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no

is the nuclear envelope present in anaphase

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no

are the nucleoli visible in anaphase

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no

are the chromosomes duplicated in anaphase

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no

are the chromsomes condensed and visible in anaphase

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yes, forming

is the nuclear envelope present in telophase/cytokinesis

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yes

are the nucleoli visible in telophase/cytokinesis

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no

are the chromosomes duplicated in telophase/cytokinesis

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less

are the chromosomes condensed in telophase/cytokinesis

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depolymerized

what happens to the spindle fibers in telophase

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meosis

form of cell division by which gametes with half the number of chromosomes are produced, sexual reproduction, two division

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mitosis

will never be haploid in number

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diploid

2n, 46 chromosomes

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haploid

n, 23 chromosomes

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gamete

sex cell, always haploid

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fertilization

fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote

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zygote

fertilized egg, diploid

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gonads (testes/ovaries)

only location of meiosis

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spermatogenesis

male meiosis

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oogenesis

female meiosis

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Interphase 1

meiosis, not important because there is no function, duplicating chromosomes

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homologous chromosomes

pair of chromosomes similar in shape and size, maternal and paternal, carry the genes

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tetrads

homologous pairs

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locus

position of a gene

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22 pairs

human pairs of autosomes1

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1 pair

human pairs of sex chromosomes

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DNA → protein → trait

order for DNA coding for genes

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karyotpyes

method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type

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Down’s Syndrome

didn’t divide chromosomes equally, extra chromosome

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goals of meiosis

reduce chromosomes, create genetic variation

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90%

% of meoisis spent in Prophase I

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