SOC 204 Module 11 Parents and Children (Final Exam)

idealized image

_________: biological units based on love, motherhood, and childbearing

idealized image/inaccurate

We know that this _____________ is not representative of the reality and is an __________ depiction of family life.

gendered divisions of labor

This idealized image is largely based on _______________________

no children/traditional

We know that dual-income families with _____________ at home out number these idealized or “___________” family units.

socially constructed/time/place/social location

Social constructionists argue that the expectations for parenting are _________________ and are dependent on ______, _______, and ___________

socially constructed

Meaning of family, motherhood, fatherhood, parenthood, etc. change in response to differing cultural and historical context (I.e. it is _____________________)

motherhood

There is no universal _______________

shifted over time

Similarly, fatherhood has ________________

social structures

Due to changing _______________, we have seen a re-shaping of parenthood in the U.S.

economic restructuring

Particularly, since the 1960s, family life has changed in response to _______________________

no longer dominant

Consequences of women’s increased participation in the work force on parenting: (1) women solely being a homemaker is ______________________

motherhood

Consequences of women’s increased participation in the work force on parenting: (2) feelings of ___________ as a requirement for women have weakened

marriage and childbearing

Consequences of women’s increased participation in the work force on parenting: (3) the relationship between ________________________ is weakening

Childhood

___________ varies by time, place, and social location

work roles

There are several social forces that have shaped the way children are raised now compared to earlier times in U.S. history.

(1) Children used to be a work unit but are now largely separated from ___________

large cities/suburbs/rural

There are several social forces that have shaped the way children are raised now compared to earlier times in U.S. history.

(2) More children today are growing up in ___________ and their ________ vs _____ areas

different familial circumstances

There are several social forces that have shaped the way children are raised now compared to earlier times in U.S. history.

(3) Today's children are more likely than their predecessors to grow up in ____________________________

Technological innovations

There are several social forces that have shaped the way children are raised now compared to earlier times in U.S. history.

(4) __________________ have dramatic effects on children today

much smaller

There are several social forces that have shaped the way children are raised now compared to earlier times in U.S. history.

(5) Family size is ____________ now compared to a century ago

achieve milestones

Transition to adulthood: since the 1970s it has taken longer to ___________________ associated with adulthood

gap between adolescence and adulthood

There is a ______________________________ today not present a generation or two ago.

emerging adulthood

There is a gap between adolescence and adulthood today not present a generation or two ago. This stage is being identified as “__________________”

labor market

Emerging adulthood is a response to: (1) postindustrial __________

education and credentials

Emerging adulthood is a response to: (2) demands for more _______________________

increasing costs

Emerging adulthood is a response to: (3) ______________________ for education and housing.

fertility

__________ (childbearing or having children) - general downward trend since the 1800s

The Great Depression/baby boom/decline/drop

Fertility (childbearing or having children) - general downward trend since the 1800s, BUT: (1) drop during ____________________, (2) post-WWII _________, (3) ______ in the mid-1970s (women’s revolution, birth control, etc.), and a recent increase around 2007 with a ______ again in 2010.

delays/economy/aging/divorce/delay or forgo having children

Reasons for low fertility rate today: Later marriages mean ______ in children; changing _______, an ______ population, _____, working women may decide to __________________

resources/health indicators/marital satisfaction

The consequences of low fertility: improved ___________, ____________ for children decline as the number of children increase, and _______________ is higher among smaller families.

Differential fertility

__________: Fertility rate patterns in the US vary consistently by social factors such as social class, race-ethnicity, and religion

income/fertility rate/educational/fertility

Social class: (a) higher the _______, the lower the ________, and (b) the greater the level of _________ attainment, the lower the _________.

education/career

Social class: (a) higher the income, the lower the fertility rate, and (b) the greater the level of educational attainment, the lower the fertility. This is related to the desire to complete an _________ or pursue a _______, where children may impede or delay these desires.

lowest/racial-ethnic

Race-ethnicity: Although white Americans tend to have the ___________ fertility rates, it is important to note that there is also diversity within the __________ groups as well. For example, among Hispanic women central and South American women have the highest rates, white Puerto Rican women have one of the lowest rates within this group.

rise or fall in tandem

Additionally, even though rates differ among race-ethnic groups, they tend to _____________ (i.e. fertility rates fluctuate based on economic and social factors, regardless of race-ethnicity)

decreased

Fertility rates have ___________ tremendously over time

higher fertility

Religion: Two generalizations hold for the relationship between religion and fertility: (1) people who actively practice a religion tend to have ___________ than “nonreligious” people

encourage

Religion: Two generalizations hold for the relationship between religion and fertility: (2) certain religions _________ high fertility.

completed fertility/decreased

Additionally, the number of children women have over a lifetime (_______________________) have also _____________ over time. 3.1 in the 1970s to 1.86 in 2018.

declining for all women

Number of children is _____________________, regardless of race-ethnicity

doubled

Voluntary childlessness: The percentage of women remaining childless had almost _________ between 1980 and 2008

before marrying

Couples tend to come to voluntary childlessness in three ways: (1) some couples decide _______________ not to have children

desirable choice

Couples tend to come to voluntary childlessness in three ways: (2) couples postpone childbearing until a time when it is no longer a ____________

launching a successful career

Couples tend to come to voluntary childlessness in three ways: (3) a conscious choice is made to remain childless after ____________________

voluntary childlessness

Although there is still a stigma held that those who are voluntarily childless are deviant, there is still an increase of ____________________ within the U.S.

risen steadily

Delayed childbearing: the age of first-time mothers has _____________ from 21 in 1970 to 25 in 2010.

first marriage

At least two factors lead to delayed childbearing: (1) increased age of ____________.

launching their careers

At least two factors lead to delayed childbearing: (2) increased likelihood of highly educated women ___________________ before having children.

Wider age gaps

Consequences of delayed childbearing trend include: ______________ between parents and children

Greater financial stability

Consequences of delayed childbearing trend include: ________________ (less children and/or more economic resources)

voluntary childlessness/delayed childbearing

Size: ______________ and _____________________ combine to reduce the size of families. Family size has shrunk from 3.14 (1970) to 2.59 (2010)

step families/two/single/multigenerational

Form- families are configured in many ways including ___________, _____-parent, ______ parent, and ______________ families.

unmarried

________ parenting- about 41% of infants are born to __________ women.

grandparent

______________ raising grandchildren- In 2010 approx 6.5% of children lived in a household with a __________ and no parents.

Multigenerational/multiple

_________________ families - This household arrangement involves _________ generations living in one household, such as adult children taking care of aging parents and their own children simultaneously, or older children (18-34) living at home with their parents.

organization of the marriage

The transition to parenthood: the addition of a child changes the _____________________

negatively

Research finds that children (generally) _________ affect marital happiness.

stress and conflict/marital satisfaction

Couples often experience an increase in _____________, and a decline in ___________________ after having a child.

planned/agreed upon

Overall scholars have seen consistent patterns of marital happiness being less negatively impacted if a child was ____________ for both partners

communication/kinship

The Benefits of Parenthood

Increasing ___________ and _______ bonds, as well as mutual satisfaction in nurturing the growth of a child.

immortality

The Benefits of Parenthood

Symbolizes ___________ by linking the past with the future

purpose

The Benefits of Parenthood

Having children may provide a sense of ________, especially for those of lower social status

enhanced status

The Benefits of Parenthood

Parenthood provides tangible evidence of your ______________ (I.e. adulthood)

integrated into their communities

The Benefits of Parenthood

Parents are more likely to be __________________ than childless adults.

emotional and economic

The Cost of Parenthood

Parenthood has both ______________ costs.

emotional work/care taking

Mothers usually engage in both the “__________ of parenting and primary __________ (feeding, clothing, etc)

change of childhood

Reading: How Ignoring Historical and Societal Change Puts Kids at Risk

Main point: Coontz argues that the historical changes in the U.S., as well as several social forces, were involved in the ___________ that we have seen over time.

family composition/macro-level structures

Reading: How Ignoring Historical and Societal Change Puts Kids at Risk

Main point: Specifically, Coontz suggests that the inequality seen among children has less to do with their ______________ and more to do with _____________ at play.