Infant (0–2 yrs): Learns through senses and motor activity; develops object permanence (things exist even when unseen); begins cause/effect understanding.
2
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Preoperational
Toddler–Preschool (2–7 yrs): Egocentric, magical thinking, rapid language growth; unable to see others’ perspectives; thinking is not yet logical.
3
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Concrete Operational
School-age (7–11 yrs): Logical thinking about concrete objects; understands conservation, cause/effect, and rules; less egocentric.
4
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Formal Operational
Adolescent (11+ yrs): Abstract and hypothetical thinking; problem-solving, planning for the future, considering consequences.