APWH vocab ch 4-5

Hernan Cortes

conquistador of Spain

Smallpox

Disease

Great dying

Spread of disease that killed many in the americas

Little ice age

13-19 century u usual cold temperatures in the northern hemisphere

Mulattoes

Offensive term for people mix with black and white heritage

Settler colonies

settlers in an environment using colonial rule, without indigenous people

Casta

Multiracial people divided into superstar groups based on heritage and skin color

Mestizo

mixed european and indgenious

Peninsulares

Born in Spain

Creoles

Spaniards born in America

Encomienda system

Spanish labor system that granted colonists rights to Native American labor in exchange for protection

Mercantilism

Economic system in Europe to maximize wealth with gold and silver

Columbia’s exchange

Network of communication, migration, trade generated by European empires in America.

General crisis

Widespread of conflict in Europe’s and the little ice age

songhay empire

islamic empire in west africa

Aurangzeb 

intolerant; 2nd emperor of Mughal

Akbar

tolerant; 1st emperor of Mughal

zamindars

elite class who controlled landownership and collected tax

Mughal Empire

founded by muslim turks in india

Safavid empire

islamic empire in persia

timar

land and tax benefits rom sultanate for military service

devshirme

collecting or gathering boys to train them for service

qing dystansy

last imperial dynasty: period of significant territorial expansion, cultural achievement, and prosperity

emperor yongle

third emperor of ming dynasty, enclycopedia

ming empire 

Imperial Chinese dynasty after mongol rule

catherine the great

“widow of the west” peter’s successor

Peter the great

first (tsar) emperor of all Russia

Yasak

tribute in Russia throught cash or kin