Anatomy and Physiology 1

Anatomy

The scientific study of the body’s structures and the relationship between them.

Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy)

Study of structures are enough to see without magnification

Microscopic Anatomy

Study of structures that require magnification to see

Cytology

The study of cells

Histology

The Study of tissues

Regional Anatomy

Study of all structures within a region of the body and their relationships

Systemic Anatomy

Study of all structures belonging to one organ system

Dissection

Cutting apart a body or organ to examine its structures

Physiology

Scientific study of how body structures function. Examines chemical and physical processes that allow body to sustain life.

Neurophysiology

Study of how the brain, spinal cord, and nerves function.

Chemical level

includes the smallest chemical building blocks of the body.

Cellular Level

Smallest independently functioning unit of living organisms.

Tissue Level

Group of similar cells working together to perform a certain function (epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle)

Organ Level

anatomically distinct body structure composed of at least 2 tissue types

Organ System Level

groups of organisms working together

Organismal Level

an entire organism.

Anterior

Front of body

Posterior

Back of body

Superior

towards top of head

Inferior

towards bottom of feet

Medial

towards the midline

Lateral

away from midline

Proximal

Closer to the trunk

Distal

farther from the trunk

Superficial

more external

Deep

more internal

Coronal Plane

Divides body in half anterior/posterior way

Transverse Plane

Divides body in half at trunk horizontally

Sagittal Plane

Divides body in half medially/laterally

Midsagittal

divides along midline

Parasagittal

divides not along midline

Axial

Head, neck, trunk

Appendicular

Limbs

Negative Feedback Loop

opposes initial change, reduces, stimulus, brings back to normal range

Positive Feedback Loop

Reinforces initial change, increases stimulus, goes out of normal range

ADP

primary energy source for cells, hydrolysis phosphate bond releases energy

Electrolytes

atoms of opposing charges held together by ionic bonds, dissociate into ions in water, conduct electricity

Covalent Bonds

Electrons shared between atoms, stronger than ionic bonds, strength depends on number of electrons shared

Polar molecules

shared electrons spend more time orbiting the more electronegative atom, attract polar and repel non polar

Plasma Membrane

Barrier separating intracellular and extracellular fluid, selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer

Uniporter osmosis

carries a single solute

Symporter osmosis

carries 2 solutes in same direction

Antiporter osmosis

exchanges 2 solutes

Phagocytosis

cells surround substance to be engulfed

Epithelial tissue

sheets of cells covering body surfaces, lining cavities, and organs. Glands are specialized kind, attached to underlying connective tissue, avascular

Connective tissue

Connect and anchor structures of the body, composed of cells, protein fibers

Muscle Tissue

Contractile cells, produce movement, highly vascular, types are skeletal cardiac and smooth

Nervous Tissue

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, 10% neurons 90% neuroglia, neurons conduct electrical signals neuroglia support neuronal functions

High Capacity of healing

Epithelial, bone, connective tissues

Low capacity of healing

Cardiac, muscle, nervous tissue

Skin

cutaneous membrane, epithelial/connective tissue, largest organ in body

Epidermis

Keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium, avascular, regenerates every 35-45 days

Keratinocytes

produces keratin and provides skin with durability, produces Vitamin D precurso

Melanocytes

produces melanin and protects keratinocytes

Dendritic Cells

immune protection, phagocytic

Tactile cells

sensory reception, touch

Stratum Basale

attached to dermis, single row of dividing stem cells, cells reach skin surface in 35-45 days, melanocytes also found here

Stratum Granulosum

start of keratinization, lamellar granules promote water retention, cells too far from dermal capillaries to survive.

Topical Medication

applied to skin, polar, can’t penetrate lamellar coating, local effect

Transdermal Medication

able to cross epidermis, potential for systemic absorption

Stratum Lucidum

only present in thick skin —> extra protection

Thick Skin

palms/soles/fingers/toes, contains stratum lucidum, thicker than stratum corneum, sweat glands at surface shed regularly

Thin Skin

Areas of the body under less mechanical stress, fewer layers of cells at all levels, sweat/oil glands/hair follicles

Stratum Corneum

Thickest layer, protects deep cells, prevents water loss, dead keratinocytes at surface shed regularly

Eumelanin

brown/black

Pheomelanin

yellow/red

Carotene

yellow/orange pigment, acquired from fruits/veggies, converted to vitamin A

Hemoglobin

Less melanin means keratinocytes more transparent, color of blood sometimes visible through epidermis

Cyanosis

low oxygenation of hemoglobin

Pallor

paleness, anemia, low blood pressure

Erythema

fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

Jaundice

yellowish color of skin, liver disorder

Bruises

clotted blood beneath skin, color changes over time

Papillary Layer

areolar tissue, loose connective tissue and lots of ground substance, dermal papillae, capillaries/nerves/touch receptors

Friction Ridges

Dermal papillae/overlying epidermis in areas of thick skin, enhance grip and tactile sensation, sweatt from pores leaves unique pattern (fingerprints)

Reticular Layer

Dense irregular tissue, nerves/blood cells/lymphatic vessels

Striae

stretch marks, tears to dermis caused by extreme stretching

Blisters

fluid-filled pockets caused by repetitive trauma, separation of epidermal and dermal layers

Hypodermis

Adipose and areolar tissue, highly vascular, anchors skin to muscle while allowing movement, provides insulation

Wrinkles

reduction in protein fibers/ground substance/adipose tissue in dermis/hypodermis, deeper in more mobile regions, UV exposure/cig smoke accelerate formation

Burns

tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, chemicals

First Degree Burns

only epidermis impacted, localized redness/edema

Second Degree Burns

all of epidermis damaged, some dermis impacted, blisters/potential for infection

Third Degree Burns

Epidermis and dermis destroyed, extends into hypodermis, require medical interventio, debridement, antibiotics, temporary coverings, skin grafts

Hair

keratinized squamous epithelial cells, most body surfaces no areas of thick skin/genitalia

Follicle

layer of epidermal tissue anchoring root of dermis

Hair matrix

region of dividing cells adjacent to papilla

Arrector Pili

Smooth muscle, contract to cause piloerection, tension on skin causes goosebumps, used for thermoregulation and defense in nonhuman mammals

Medulla

core of loosely arranged cells, soft keratin

Cortex

several layers of keratinocytes compact, hard keratin, site of pigmentation in granules

Cuticle

Single outer layer of overlapping cells, highly keratinized region

Lenugo

unpigmented fetal hair, insulate purposes

Vellus

fine, thin body hair that replaces lento

Terminal

eyebrows/eyelashes/scalp/axillary/pubic/adult facial/trunk/limb hair

Hair Texture

related to cross-sectional shape of hair follicle, shape of hair follicle causes this

Hair Color

pigment granules in cells of cortex lead to this

Anagen

Phase 1 of Hair Growth Cycle, nourishment of hair follicle via blood supply enables hair growth

Catogen

Phase 2 of Hair Growth Cycle, hair follicle detaches from nourishing blood supply

Telogen

Phase 3 of Hair Growth Cycle, without nourishment the hair dies and falls out

Scalp Hair

in anogen for 6 years, higher mitotic rate