Chapter 1- Classification

Ch 20, 1

Organism

A living thing that sustains and renews itself

Species

Group of organisms that can produce viable and fertile offspring with one another.

Genus

Group of closely related species that share a recent common ancestor.

Bionomial nomenclature

Developed by Carolus Linnaeus (1758); Used to name species for clairty so scientist are talking about the same thing.

Prokaryotic cells

Unicellular cells without membrane bound nucleus

Eukaryotic cell

Multicellular cell with membrane bound nucleus that contains the DNA

Biodiversity

As many as 30 million species living on Earth today

Autotroph

Self feeder (obtains energy by itself)

Heterotroph

Relies on other organisms with energy rich molecules

Producer

Make their own food

Consumers

Feed on others

Decomposers

Breaks down dead organic matter

Phylogeny

Evolution history of relationships among organisms

Phylogenetic tree

Depict evolutionary relationships among lineages

Sexually dismorphic

Same genus, same species

Cryptic species

Same genus, different species

Kingdom

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya, Protists, fungi, Plants

Taxon

Group of organisms treated as a unit in biological classification system

Clade

Taxon consisting of common ancestor and all descendants of common ancestor

Ingroup

Primary group of interest

Outgroup

Phylogentically outside ingroup

Homologous trait

Shared features inherited by common ancestor

Analogous trait

Physical traits with same function, but not from shared ancestor

Derived Trait

Trait from most recent common ancestor (New)

Ancestrial trait

Trait inherited from distant ancestor (Old)

Convergent Evolution

Unrelated species independently evolve

Evolutionary Reversal

Characteristic evolves, is lost, then reevolved back to ancestrial state

Polypheletic

Does not have common ancestor

Paraphyletic

Contains common ancestor, some descendants

Monophyletic

Contains common ancestor and all descendants (A Clade)

Applications of Biology

Vaccines, Biodiversity, and Agriculture

Biology level of Organization

Atoms, molecules, cells, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere

Fungi

Eukaryotic, Uni/Multi, Heterotrophic, Decomposers

Animal

Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Consumers

Plants

Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Autotroph, Producers

Protists

Eukaryotic, Uni/Multi, Hetero/Auto, Producer/Consumer

Archaea

Prokaryotic, Unicellular, Auto/Hetero, Decomposers

Bacteria

Prokaryotic, Unicellular, Auto/Hetero, Composers

Domains

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Liposomes

Sphere shaped artificial vesicles made up of lipids that carry vaccines safely to cells