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aldehyde/ketone → hydroxynitrile
nucleophillic addition
KCN and dilute HCl (aq)
ketone → alcohol
reduction
NaBH4 (aq)
alcohol → ketone
oxidation of secondary alcohol
alcohol → aldehyde
oxidation of primary alcohol
aldehyde → alcohol
reduction
NaBH4 (aq)
aldehyde → carboxylic acid
oxidation
alkylhydrogensulfate → alcohol
hydrolysis
H2O
regenerates H2SO4
alcohol → alkene
dehydration (elimination)
conc. H2SO4/H3PO4
180oC
alkene→ alcohol
hydration
steam, H3PO4, 300oC
haloalkane → alcohol
nucleophilic substitution
NaOH (aq)
haloalkane → alkene
elimination
ethanolic NaOH, Hot
alkene →haloalkane
electrophilic addition
hydrogen halide
haloalkane → nitrile
nucelophilic substitution
ethanolic KCN
haloalkane → amine
nucleophilic substitution
conc. 2NH3
high pressure
alkene → alkylhydrogensulfates
electrophilic addition
H2SO4
alkene → alkane
electrophilic adittion
H2 (g), Ni
alkanes → haloalkanes
free radical substitutions
Note 
Flashcard (126)