pathology week2

homeostasis

The attempt by cells to maintain a relatively stable environment is known as ___

regressive degeneration

If the changes exceed their capacity to adapt, the cell experiences ____ leading to its ultimate death.

Degeneration

is defined as the deterioration of tissues with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease or injury

cellular swelling

which occurs when cells are unable to maintain the proper balance and concentration between ions and fluid levels, which is the basis of osmotic pressure

infiltration

the process of seepage or diffusion of a substance into tissues that should not normally be present in the cells. occurs prior to cellular swelling.

cell swelling; infiltration

One of the first signs of almost all cellular injury

Fatty changes

occur in cells due to the accumulation of triglycerides, which are the result of three hydroxyl groups of an ester reacting with fatty organic acids

In severe forms, may precede cellular death

,

change

amyloid degeneration

sometimes called waxy degeneration or lardaceous degeneration.

• may occur in certain cancers, chronic inflammatory diseases, chronic renal failure, Alzheimer disease, and type two diabetes mellitus

Gangrene

is a term commonly used to refer to several types of necrosis

moist gangrene

is a form of liquefactive necrosis that results from bacterial or fungal infections that develop in areas of dead, necrotic tissue. The tissues become swollen, discolored, and blistered

crepitation

When accompanied gas gangrene, wet gangrene may exhibit a crackling sound known as ____ when it is touched due to the presence of gas in the tissues

Clostridium perfringens

is a gram-positive, endospore-forming bacterium that causes gas gangrene. It causes the fermentation of carbohydrates in the tissues, releasing carbon dioxide and hydrogen gases

Ischemic gangrene

which is also known as dry gangrene, occurs when tissues become dehydrated if the blood supply is reduced. Ischemic gangrene is not uncommon in deaths related to diabetes mellitus

Pathological changes in cells

are adaptive responses that deviate from the healthy state but allow the cell to avoid injury by altering itself or its environment

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia

the adaptive responses to cellular injury:

are not dead

Atrophied cells ___; they are an attempt by the cell to adjust to available resources.

Atrophy

is the shrinkage in the size of the cell by the loss of cell substance

physiological atrophy

When atrophy occurs as a result of age or a more sedentary lifestyle, it is referred to as ______ because it is not accompanied by a pathological condition.

hypertrophy

an increase in the size of cells, and consequently, an increase in the size of an organ or tissue

there is no increase in the

number of cells; the cells are just bigger

Hyperplasia

is also an increase in the size of a tissue or organ; however, there is

an increase in the number of cells present, not just an increase in the size of individual cells

Metaplasia

is a form of cellular adaptation in which cells regenerate after injury. Basically, one cell type is replaced by another cell type that is more capable of withstanding a change in environment. is usually reversible

When cells are injured, the body attempts to heal them.

• to regenerate damaged tissues with cells of the same type,

or

• to replace tissues with scar tissue originating from connective tissues in the damaged area

regeneration

The replacement of damaged cells with identical cells is known as ___

Amelia

is the absence of one or more limbs

Aplasia

is the complete failure of a tissue or an organ to develop

Phocomelia

is a congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent

Polydactylism

is the condition of having more than the normal number of fingers and toes

cleft lip

is a separation of the two sides of the lip, which may include the bones of the upper jaw (the maxillae).

cleft palate

occurs when the two sides of the palate fail to fuse during fetal development, resulting in an opening between the palatine bones that form the roof of the mouth.

cleft lip and cleft palate

are fetal birth defects and can occur on one side or on both sides. majority appear to be due to genetic factors

Color blindness, or color deficiency

refers to a condition in which individuals have difficulties identifying various colors and shades of colors

cones

Color blindness is due to defects in specialized cells in the retina of the eye, called _____, that enable humans to see in color, as opposed to many nonhuman animals that have no color perception

Red/green color blindness:

People with red/green color blindness can distinguish between red and green when comparing the two side by side; however, they cannot determine if a color is red or green when shown only

one of the two colors

Blue color blindness:

Individuals with blue color blindness cannot distinguish between blue and yellow. They see instead only white or grey. Blue color blindness usually occurs due to physical disorders, such as liver disease or diabetes mellitus

Achromatopsia

Total color blindness; an extremely rare, hereditary disorder. Individuals cannot see any colors, and their vision is limited to black, white, and shades of gray. results in poor visual acuity and extreme sensitivity to light.

Down syndrome

is named after J. Langdon Down, a 19th-century British physician

trisomy 21

down syndrome

down syndrome is the result of a genetic mutation.

Although it has not been related to environmental factors, it has been linked to mothers’ age.

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

is the most common fatal genetic disease in the United States caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis of transmembrane regulator gene. is a terminal disease, in most cases at an average age of 20.