NURSING PHILOSOPHIES (NIGHTINGALE, WATSON, AND BENNER)
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112 Terms
Florence Nightingale
Born on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy, to an affluent, upper class British family
Florence Nightingale
Unlike most women of the Victorian era, she received a broad and rigorous education from her father, studying mathematics, languages, religion, and philosophy (subjects that profoundly shaped her later analytical approach to nursing
Florence Nightingale
Her calling: At age 17, she recorded a divine "calling" from God to serve others. Defying societal expectations and her family's wishes, she rejected marriage proposals to pursue a career in nursing.
Florence Nightingale
She formally completed her nursing training in 1851 at Kaiserwerth, Germany
1854
the year the Secretary of War asked Nightingale to lead a group of 34 nurses to Scutari, Turkey, to care for wounded British soldiers.
Florence Nightingale
She arrived to find horrific conditions (filth, contaminated water, and severe infections)
Florence Nightingale
Immediately implemented strict sanitation protocols, dramatically improving the environment and reducing the mortality rate
Florence Nightingale
Returning home as a hero, she used awarded funds to establish the world's first professional nursing schools at St. Thomas's Hospital and King's College Hospital in London
Florence Nightingale
Wrote the book, "Notes on Nursing" which laid the foundation for nursing practice
Florence Nightingale
Wrote between 15,000 and 20,000 letters and published several foundational texts, using data and strong arguments to force healthcare changes
Florence Nightingale
worked into her 80s until she lost her vision.
Florence Nightingale
died at age 90 on August 13, 1910
Environmental Theory
The model places the client at the center, surrounded by various environmental factors, such as ventilation, noise, light, nutrition, variety, and bedding, that the nurse actively manages
Environmental Theory
Deficiencies in environmental factors may lead to illness; but a nurturing environment can enable the body to repair itself
Fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness or sanitation, and light or direct sunlight
Environmental Theory
These were particularly significant during Nightingale's time, which was marked by poor sanitation and unreliability in patient care due to a lack of education among health workers
Health of Houses
The overall health of houses and buildings affects well being [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Health of Houses
Requires pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, and adequate light [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Health of Houses
Accumulation of organic material poses a serious health threat [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Health of Houses
Sanitary waste disposal prevents contamination [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Health of Houses
Not only a nursing duty, but a matter of public health, and social responsibility [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Light
Direct sunlight has healing and purifying effects [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Light
improves mood and emotional well being [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Light
Dark spaces hinder recovery [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Sunlight
reduces the risk of illness [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Light
Nurses should position patients for sun exposure [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Ventilation & Warning
Fresh air is essential for recovery [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Ventilation & Warming
Air must be pure, not stagnant [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Ventilation & Warming
Avoid chilling drafts [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Ventilation & Warming
Nurses are expected to monitor the source of air [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Ventilation & Warming
Careful attention to the patient's body temperature [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Ventilation & Warming
Patient must be appropriately positioned in the room [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Noise
disrupts rest and sleep [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Noise
drains fragile patient energy [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Noise
unnecessary sounds are harmful [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Noise
A quiet environment promotes healing [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Noise
Nurses safeguard against disturbances [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Bed & Bedding
Bed should be placed in a bright area [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Bed & Bedding
Allow patients to view outdoors [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Bed & Bedding
Keep beddings clean, dry, and neat [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Bed & Bedding
Avoid unnecessary bed disturbance [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Bed & Bedding
Adjust patient position for comfort [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Variety
relives motonomy [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Variety
Use colors, forms, and scenery [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Variety
Mental stimulation aids recovery [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Variety
Reading, needlework, and writing encouraged [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Variety
Supports emotional and psychological health [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Cleanliness
Fundamental requirement for nursing [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Cleanliness
Nurses must maintain personal hygiene [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Cleanliness
Patients are kept neat, clean, & comfortable [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Cleanliness
Filth is often the source of disease [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Cleanliness
Pure water is essential for maintaining hygiene [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Nutrition
Proper diet is vital for healing [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Nutrition
Adequate intake, served at the right time [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Nutrition
Variety stimulates appetite [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Nutrition
Meals free from distractions aid digestion [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Nutrition
Nurses assess timing and effect of meals [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Chattering Hopes & Advices
Avoid giving false hope & unfounded advice [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Chattering Hopes & Advices
False reassurance depresses patients [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Chattering Hopes & Advices
Encourage truthful & uplifting words [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Chattering Hopes & Advices
Good news supports emotional well being [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Petty Management
Nurse ensures continuity of care [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Petty Management
Controls physical and emotional environment [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Petty Management
Protects patients from upsetting news [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Petty Management
Limits disruptive visitors and noise [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Petty Management
Maintains care standards even when absent [Major Concepts & Definitions in Nightingale's Theory]
Person
referred to as the "patient" [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Person
The patient is the passive recipient of healthcare [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Person
Though passive, patients should perform self care when able [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Person
The patient's health is influenced by the environment [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Person
View holistically, incorporating physical, psychological, intellectual, and spiritual components [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Person
Deserves compassionate and individualizes care regardless of background [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Health
An "addictive process" driven by various factors where an individual optimally utilizes all available resources to lead a fulfilling life [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Health
Disease and illness are reparative mechanisms initiated by nature that provide an opportunity for spiritual growth [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Health nursing
refers to preventing disease and promoting well being through environmental control and social responsibility [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Sick nursing
refers to aiding recovery or supporting living better until a peaceful death [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Environment
encompasses everything in the patient's surroundings [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Environment
Identified five environmental components crucial to health: clean air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Environment
Environmental improvements could positively impact the physical and mental well being of impoverished individuals [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Environment
Nurses play a pivotal role in ameliorating the social standing of the poor by enhancing their physical living conditions [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Nursing
The nurse's roles is to manipulate the environment to support healing [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Nursing
Every woman can nurse; professionals require training [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Nursing
The essence of nursing involves the proper use of air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, & diet [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
Nursing
Nurses are keen observers and managers of patient care [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Nightingale]
10 Clinical Caritas Processes
Humanistic_Altruistic Values, Faith_Hope, Sensitivity to Self and Others, Helping_Trusting Relationship, Expression of Feelings, Scientific Problem Solving (Decision Making), Interpersonal Teaching Learning, Supportive/Protective Environment, Gratification of Human Needs, Existential_Phenomenological Forces (Read the rest of the slides after this until the Implications for Nursing Research for more)
Jean Watson
Born in Welch, West Virginia, She grew up in a supportive, extended family community environment
Jean Watson
Graduated from the Lewis Gale School of Nursing in 1961. She then attended the University of Colorado, earning a BSN (1964), an MS in psychiatric mental health nursing (1966), and a PhD in educational psychology and counseling (1973)
Jean Watson
served in multiple leadership roles at the University of Colorado School of Nursing, including chairperson, director of the PhD program, and Dean
Jean Watson
in the 1980s, she established the nation's first interdisciplinary Center for Human Caring. She later found the Watson Caring Science Institute (WCSI)
Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring
The theory centers on a deep, transpersonal caring relationship where the nurse connects with the patient beyond the ego self, reaching into the spirit and the broader universe
Caring Moment
a focal point in space and time where both nurse and patient bring their unique life histories and decide how to be in the relationship. If transpersonal, it transcends time and space to open new paths for healing
Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring
Watson asserts that nurses need to blend scientific knowledge with liberal arts to understand diverse cultures and provide holistic care
Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring
Nurses require an intentional commitment (caritas consciousness) to protect human dignity and spiritual significance
Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring
Prioritizes deep, respectful human connection over treating patients as objects ("I_thou" instead of "I_it")
Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring
uses genuine presence and intuition to release blocked energy and awaken the patient's inner healer
Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring
Emphasizes continuous personal growth, viewing the nurse's own life experiences as essential for deep compassion
Person
Referred to as a human being, person, life, personhood, and self [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Watson]
Person
Viewed holistically as an inseparable unity of mind, body, spirit, and nature [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Watson]
Person
Persons are spiritual entities not bound by time or space [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Watson]
Person
Constantly evolving towards a universal consciousness and Cosmic Love [Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts According to Watson]