Unit 6 APUSH Vocab

New South

The idea of the South shifting from a farming economy based on slavery to a modern, industrialized economy.

KKK (Ku Klux Klan)

A white supremacist group that used violence to oppress Black Americans and enforce segregation.

Henry Grady

A journalist who promoted the industrialization of the South.

National Rail Network

The expansion of railroads connecting the entire country.

Tenant Farmers

Farmers who rented land and paid rent in crops or money.

Sharecroppers

Farmers who worked someone else's land and gave a portion of their crops as rent.

George Washington Carver

A scientist who promoted crop rotation and new agricultural techniques.

Tuskegee Institute

A school founded by Booker T. Washington to teach vocational skills to Black students.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court ruling that allowed racial segregation under 'separate but equal.'

Jim Crow Laws

Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.

Literacy Tests

Reading tests used to keep Black people from voting.

Poll Taxes

A fee required to vote, used to suppress Black voters.

Grandfather Clauses

Allowed whites to bypass voting restrictions while excluding Black people.

Lynch Mobs

Groups that killed Black Americans without trial to enforce white supremacy.

Ida B. Wells

A journalist who fought against lynching.

International Migration Society

A group that supported moving Black Americans to Africa.

Booker T. Washington

A leader who promoted vocational education and economic success for Black Americans.

W.E.B. DuBois

A leader who demanded immediate civil rights for Black Americans.

Atlanta Compromise

A speech by Booker T. Washington urging Black people to focus on economic progress over civil rights.

Transatlantic Cable

Underwater telegraph cable connecting the U.S. and Europe.

Telephone

Device invented by Alexander Graham Bell for voice communication.

Eastman's Kodak Camera

A camera that made photography easy for the public.

Henry Bessemer

Invented a process to mass-produce steel.

Thomas Edison

Inventor of the light bulb and phonograph.

Menlo Park

Edison's research lab where many inventions were made.

Development of Usable Electricity

The process of bringing electric power to homes and businesses.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the telephone.

George Westinghouse

Improved electrical power distribution.

Subways

Underground trains in cities.

Skyscraper

Tall buildings made possible by steel construction.

R.H. Macy

Founder of Macy's department store.

Department Stores

Large stores selling many types of goods.

Mail-Order Catalogs

Books listing products that people could order by mail.

Sears, Roebuck & Co.

A major mail-order company.

Advertising

Selling products through newspapers, posters, and magazines.

Consumer Economy

An economy driven by buying and selling goods.

American Railroad Association

Standardized railroads and time zones.

Time Zones

Regions with the same time, set for train schedules.

Consolidation

Merging businesses to reduce competition.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad tycoon.

Jay Gould

A businessman who manipulated railroad stocks.

Rebates

Discounts given to big businesses by railroads.

J.P. Morgan

A powerful banker who helped industries grow.

Andrew Carnegie

A steel industry leader.

U.S. Steel

A major steel company started by J.P. Morgan.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of Standard Oil and one of the richest men in history.

Monopoly

When one company dominates an entire industry.

Standard Oil

Rockefeller's company that controlled the oil industry.

Trust

A business structure where several companies are managed as one.

Horizontal Integration

Buying out competitors to dominate an industry.

Vertical Integration

Controlling all steps of production from raw materials to sales.

Holding Company

A company that owns stock in other companies.

Laissez-Faire

A belief that government should not interfere in business.

Adam Smith

Economist who promoted free-market capitalism.

Social Darwinism

The belief that the strongest businesses survive.

Protestant Work Ethic

The idea that hard work leads to success.

Wage Earners

People who worked for wages.

Collective Bargaining

Workers negotiating with employers for better pay.

Railroad Strike of 1877

A major strike against wage cuts.

Craft Unions

Unions for skilled workers.

National Labor Union

Early labor union advocating for workers' rights.

Knights of Labor

A labor union open to all workers.

Haymarket Affair

A violent protest that led to anti-union sentiment.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A skilled workers' union.

Samuel Gompers

Leader of the AFL.

Homestead Strike

A violent steelworkers' strike.

Pullman Strike

A nationwide railroad strike.

Eugene V. Debs

Labor leader and socialist.

Push & Pull Factors

Reasons why people leave their countries (push) and why they move to the U.S. (pull).

"Old" Immigrants

Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe.

"New" Immigrants

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Law banning Chinese immigration.

Streetcar Suburbs

Residential areas connected to cities by streetcars.

Tenement Apartments

Overcrowded housing for poor workers.

Dumbbell Tenements

Poorly designed apartment buildings.

Ethnic Neighborhoods

Areas where immigrants from the same country lived together.

Statue of Liberty

Symbol of immigration and freedom.

American Protective Association

A group opposed to Catholic and immigrant influence.

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center in New York.

Political Machines

Organizations that controlled city politics.

"Boss"

A leader of a political machine.

Tammany Hall

A powerful political machine in New York.

Boss Tweed

Corrupt leader of Tammany Hall.

Jane Addams

Social reformer who founded Hull House.

Settlement Houses

Community centers helping immigrants.

Melting Pot

The idea of America as a mix of cultures.

Middle Class

A growing social class of professionals and office workers.

White Collar Workers

People who worked in offices rather than factories.

"Gospel of Wealth"

The idea that the rich should help society.

Philanthropy

Charity by wealthy individuals.

Growth of Suburbs Causes

Public transportation and industrialization led people to move outside cities.

Kindergarten

Early education for young children.

Public High Schools

Free education for teenagers.

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

Supreme Court justice known for progressive rulings.

Leisure Time

Free time for entertainment and hobbies.

Mass-Circulation Newspapers

Cheap newspapers widely available.

Amusement Example

Coney Island, a famous amusement park.

Joseph Pulitzer

A newspaper publisher.

William Randolph Hearst

A newspaper mogul known for sensational stories.

Jazz/Ragtime

New musical styles that became popular.