ECO - Topic 7
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144 Terms
Energy
It is the power or capacity to do work or produce change (U.S. EIA, 2023).
Energy
It refers to the power we get from natural resources to generate electricity, heat, or fuel for machines and human use.
Renewable and Non-Renewable
What are the two types of Energy?
renewable energy
Energy that comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished(U.S. EIA, 2023). T
Renewable energy
This type of energy source includes sunlight, wind, water, geothermal heat, and biomass.
Non-renewable energy
Energy sources that are used faster than they can be replaced.
Non-renewable Energy
This type of energy source includes fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
Solar Energy
Energy that comes from the sun and is the most abundant energy resource on Earth.
Solar Energy
It can be used to generate electricity, provide lighting, and heat water for residential, commercial, or industrial use.
Wind Energy
Electricity created from the naturally flowing air in the Earth's atmosphere.
Wind Energy
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical power, which can then be converted into electricity.
Hydropower
Energy that comes from the movement of water. Flowing water spins a turbine connected to a generator to produce electricity.
Hydropower
It is one of the oldest and most widely used forms of renewable energy.
Geothermal Energy
Heat within the earth.
Geothermal Energy
It can be used for heating buildings or generating electricity by tapping underground reservoirs of steam or hot water.
Biomass Energy
renewable energy derived from burning organic materials such as wood, plants, and waste
solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, biomass
the types of renewable energy
Coal
A black or brownish rock that is burned to generate energy, especially electricity. I
Coal
It is one of the most commonly used sources of energy in the world, but also one of the most polluting.
Oil (petroleum)
A thick, black liquid fossil fuel formed from ancient marine organisms buried under sediment and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years.
Oil (petroleum)
It can be refined into gasoline, diesel fuel, and other petroleum products.
natural gas
it is a colorless, odorless fossil fuel made mostly of methane.
Natural Gas
It forms from the remains of ancient marine organisms trapped under rock layers.
Natural Gas
It is used as a fuel and to make materials and chemicals.
Nuclear Energy
From the fission (splitting) of atoms (usually uranium) in a nuclear reactor to produce heat, which turns water into steam to spin turbines and generate electricity.
coal, oil (petroleum), natural gas, nuclear energy
Types of non-renewable energy
Renewable
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy:
It comes from natural sources that replenish or refill quickly.
Renewable
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy:
Unlimited or naturally refilled.
Renewable
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy:
Generally low pollution and carbon emissions.
Renewable
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy:
Its source is from a natural ongoing process.
Renewable
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy:
Very low or zero carbon emissions (except some biomass).
Renewable
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy:
Sustainable for long-term use.
Non-Renewable Energy
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy:
It comes from sources that take millions of years to form.
Non-Renewable Energy
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy:
Limited only and will eventually run out.
Non-Renewable Energy
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy:
Produces high greenhouse gases and pollution.
Non-Renewable Energy
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy:
Its source is from fossil fuels or radioactive minerals.
Non-Renewable Energy
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy:
High carbon emissions (especially from coal, oil, and gas).
Non-Renewable Energy
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy:
Not sustainable over long periods of time.
renewable energy
They produce little to no pollution and help reduce climate change.
Non-renewable energy
It releases harmful emissions, cause environmental damage, and are limited in supply.
Renewable energy
they have some environmental impact, but they are a better long-term solution for a healthier planet.
renewable energy
energy source that is cleaner and more sustainable
Low to zero carbon emissions.
Sustainable and naturally replenished.
Minimal air and water pollution.
Helps slow down climate change.
Safer for health and the environment.
pros of renewable energy
High initial setup cost.
Weather-dependent (e.g., solar, wind).
Requires a large space for some systems.
Energy store can be challenging.
Cons of renewable energy
Reliable and consistent energy supply.
Existing infrastructure is already in place.
High energy output.
pros of non-renewable energy
High carbon emissions.
Causes air, land, and water pollution.
Non-sustainable and finite
Harmful to ecosystems and public health.
cons of non-renewable energy
Climate change
It means a change in the atmosphere of specific areas for a long time.
20 million tons of sulfur dioxide, 1991, 1°F (0.5°C).
Nearly ______________________ were injected into the stratosphere in Pinatubo's ________ eruptions, and dispersal of this gas cloud around the world caused global temperatures to drop temporarily (1991 through 1993) by about ____________.
high
The Sun is usually very active when sunspot counts are (high, low).
Solar Variability
It refers to the changes in the amount of energy emitted by the Sun, which can occur over various timescales, from minutes to centuries.
Milankovitch cycle
It is a cyclical movement related to the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession
What are the three Milankovitch cycle?
El Niño and La Niña
Two types of ocean circulation
Albedo Effect
It refers to the amount of solar radiation reflected by a surface, with light surfaces reflecting more than dark surfaces.
98-99%, 1-2%
On the breakdown of total atmospheric gas composition by percent, what percent does nitrogen, oxygen, argon and other gasses takes up in total atmosphere? how about the greenhouse gasses?
95%, 3.62%
On the breakdown of total atmospheric gas composition by percent, what percent does water vapor takes up in the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? how about the carbon dioxide?
nature, 96.6%
On the breakdown of total atmospheric gas composition by percent, which produces carbon dioxide more in the atmosphere? nature or human? by how many percent?
1. Monitor Natural Events
2. Adapt Infrastructure
3. Protect Natural Systems
4. Support Climate Science
5. Reduce Human Emissions
What are the 5 mitigation strategies?
Burning fossil fuels, Deforestation, Industrial Processes, Agricultural and Livestock, Waste
What are the climate change man made causes?
waste
It accounts for approximately 20% of global human-caused methane emissions.
Methane
It is 80× more potent than CO₂ in the short term.
organic waste
Emissions primarily come from the breakdown of ____________ (such as food, paper, and yard waste) in landfills, which occurs without oxygen.
Organic materials
It makes up 65% of global waste
73%
Global waste is projected to increase by _______ by 2050
13 megatons
Methane emissions from waste are expected to rise by ____________ per year in the next decade.
14.5%, methane, nitrous oxide
The livestock sector is responsible for about _________ of global greenhouse gas emissions, mainly from _________ released during digestion and _____________ from manure and fertilizers.
Livestock sector
It is responsible for about 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions
livestock
a major contributor to climate change
6.5%
Industrial processes are a significant global source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for _________ of total emissions worldwide. T
Industrial processes
These are a significant global source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 6.5% of total emissions worldwide. T
cement and chemical production
Industrial processes emissions come from chemical reactions in sectors like _____________________, independent of energy use.
forests
They are one of Earth's most powerful carbon sinks.
carbon absorbers, carbon emitters.
When we cut down or burn forests, that stored carbon is released instantly turning forests from ____________ into ___________.
3.7 million hectares of tropical forest, 6%
In 2023 alone, the world lost ________________________ — releasing enough CO₂ to account for ___% of global emissions.
4,000
Today, the world consumes more than ____________ times the amount of fossil fuels used in 1776.
coal-powered steam engines
Since the development of ____________________ in the 18th century, our reliance on fossil fuels has grown dramatically.
Climate change mitigation
This is no longer optional —it's an immediate necessity in terms of climate action.
1.5°C
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2023) confirms that limiting global warming to __________requires rapid and deep emissions cuts by 2030.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC means
Philippines
This country ranks among the top most vulnerable countries to climate-related disasters (Climate Risk Index, 2021).
Transition to Clean Energy
On the five strategic mitigation pillars, expand solar, wind, and hydro projects (DOE PH, 2023) belongs to what?
Green Urban Planning
On the five strategic mitigation pillars, build sustainable, walkable cities with public transit and green buildings (UN Habitat, 2022) belongs to what?
Nature-Based Solutions
On the five strategic mitigation pillars, reforest lands, restore mangroves, and protect coral reefs as carbon sinks (DENR, 2023) belongs to what?
Sustainable Agriculture
On the five strategic mitigation pillars, promote organic farming, reduce livestock methane, and support agroforestry (FAO, 2021) belongs to what?
Circular Economy
On the five strategic mitigation pillars, reduce waste through the 3Rs, eco design, and industrial symbiosis (UNEP, 2023) belongs to what?
Paris Agreement (2015)
On the global and local policy commitments, in terms of international, limiting global warming to well below 2°C belongs to what?
On the global and local policy commitments, in terms of international, providing scientific basis for global mitigation targets belongs to what?
IPCC Reports
Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729).
Give one local policy that the Philippines has.
Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC, 2021)
It's one of the Philippines' policy where it aims that emissions be reduce by 75% by 2030 (conditional and unconditional).
National Renewable Energy Program (NREP)
It's one of the Philippines' policy where it aims to triple RE capacity by 2040 (DOE, 2023).
Enforce climate-smart policies, invest in renewables, protect forests.
In terms of empowering action at all levels, what does the government do?
Green finance, carbon accounting, low-emission supply chains.
In terms of empowering action at all levels, what does the private sectors do?
Tree planting, local climate councils, climate-resilient farming.
In terms of empowering action at all levels, what do the communities do?
Reduce carbon footprint (transport, diet, consumption).
Support local eco-initiatives and climate education.
In terms of empowering action at all levels, what do individuals need to do?
Full RE transition
Forest and marine conservation
Low-carbon living
Individuals are called to action pushing for these three activities
climate justice
Climate mitigation means
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
what does UNFCCC means
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992
Establishes a comprehensive global framework that brings together countries to collectively address the causes and impacts of climate change.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992
It has a primary goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting the rise in average global temperatures to levels that avoid dangerous interference with the Earth' s climate system.
Kyoto Protocol - 1997 (Entered into force in 2005)
It Imposes legally binding obligations on developed countries and economies in transition to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, holding them accountable for meeting specific targets within a set timeframe, based on the principle that these nations have historically contributed the most to climate change and thus bear greater responsibility for mitigating its effects.