Unit 2 Aos 1 (chapters 9,10,12)

Acid 

species that donates a proton, H+, during an acid-base reaction

Acid-base reaction 

chemical reaction where a proton, H+, is transferred between two chemical species

Alkali 

a base that is soluble in water and neutralises acids

Amphiprotic 

species that can either donate or accept a proton, H+

Base 

species that accepts a proton, H+, during an acid-base reaction and are a group of substances that neutralise acids

Brønsted-Lowry theory 

definition of an acid as a chemical species which donates a proton, H+, to a base

Corrosive 

a highly reactive substance that causes obvious damage to tissue

Deprotonation 

loss of a proton, H+, from an acid

Diprotic 

species that can donate up to two protons, H+, during ionisation

Hydronium ion 

positively charged chemical species with molecular formula H3O+

Hydroxide ion 

negatively charged chemical species with molecular formula OH−

Ionisation 

process by which a chemical species gains or loses an electron to gain an electric charge

Monoprotic 

species that can only donate one proton, H+, during ionisation

Neutralise 

react with an acid or a base to produce water

Polyprotic 

species that donates multiple protons, H+, during ionisation

Protonated water 

alternate name for the hydronium ion, H3O+

Strength 

how readily an acid or base will donate or accept a proton, H+

Triprotic 

species that can donate up to three protons, H+, during ionisation

Boiling point 

temperature at which a liquid transitions into a gas

Condensation 

phase change from gas to liquid

Evaporation 

alternative term for vaporisation

Group 16 hydride 

group 16 element covalently bonded to hydrogen

Heat capacity 

relationship between the heat absorbed by a substance and its temperature change

Latent heat of vaporisation 

amount of energy required to convert 1 mol of a substance from its liquid state to its gaseous state at the boiling point of the substance

Phase change

 transition of a substance from one state to another

Potable 

alternative term for drinkable

Solar energy 

energy produced by the sun

Specific heat capacity 

energy (J) required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a given substance by 1 °C

Vaporisation 

phase change from liquid to gas

Concentration 

amount of chemical substance in a unit of volume

Concentrated solution 

solution with a relatively high amount of solute in comparison to the volume of solution

Dilute solution

 solution with a relatively low amount of solute in comparison to the volume of solution

Dilution

 process of decreasing concentration of a solution by adding more solvent

Molarity (M) 

also called molar concentration, is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution, measured in moles per litre (mol L−1)

Parts per billion (ppb) 

one in one billion parts of a solution

Parts per million (ppm) 

one in one million parts of a solution

Solute 

substance that dissolves in a solute

Solution 

homogeneous mixture in which a substance is dissolved in another

%(m/m) 

mass percent concentration of solute in solution

%(w/w) 

weight percent concentration of solute in solution

%(m/v)

mass percent concentration of solute per unit of volume of solution

%(v/v) 

volume percent concentration of solute in solution