HA&P: Chapter 6

What kind of cartilage is made of some variety of cartilage tissue sculpted to fits its body location and function?

Skeletal Cartilage

In the cartilage, it is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that is called what, that acts as reinforcement to resist outward expansion when the cartilage is compressed?

Perichondrium

What kind of cartilage, provides support with flexibility and resilience, are the most abundant skeletal cartilage, its chondrocytes are spherical, and the only fiber type in their matric is fine collagen fibers?

Hyaline Cartilages

What are included in the skeletal hyaline cartilage?

• Articular cartilages: cover the ends of most bones at movable joints

• Costal cartilages: connect the ribs to the sternum

• Respiratory cartilages: form the skeleton of the larynx and reinforce other respiratory passageways

• Nasal cartilages: support the external nose

What kind of cartilages resemble hyaline cartilages, but also contain more stretchy elastic fibers and are better able to stand up to repeated bending, and are found in the external ear and the epliglottis?

Elastic Cartilages

What kind of growth is where cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existence cartilage tissue?

Appositional Growth

What kind of growth is where the lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within?

Interstitial growth

What are the seven important functions of the bones?

Support, Protection, Anchorage, Mineral storage, Blood cell formation, Triglyceride (fat) formation, Hormone production

These are mostly blonde cell formation, that occurs in the red marrow of certain bones.

Hematopoiesis

What part of the skeleton forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage?

Axial skeleton

What part of the skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton and it helps us move from place to place and manipulate our environment?

Appendicular Skeleton

What kind of bones are considerably longer than they are wide, has a shaft plus two ends, which are expanded, and all limbs except the patella and the wrist and ankle bones are this?

Long bones

what kind of bones are roughly cube shaped, examples of this kind of bone are the ankle and wrist?

Short bones

what kind of short bone is a special type that forms a tendon?

Sesamoid bones

What kind of bones re thin, flattened, and a bit curved, and the kinds of bones for this type of bone are the sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most cranial bones?

Flat bones

What kind of bones have complicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes and some examples are the vertebrae and the hip bones?

Irregular bones

In every bone has a dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid to the naked, to which the external layer is the a.__________ ; and internal to this is the b._________ (also called trabecular bone) that is a honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae?

a. Compact bone

b. Spongy bone

What pattern does the short, irregular, and flat bones share together?

They all consist of thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone

What two are respectively with the compact bone that is covered outside and inside by the connective tissue membranes?

Periosteum and Endosteum

This kind of bone is tubular, is a shaft, that forms the long axis of the bone?

Diaphysis

In the diaphysis, it is constructed of a relatively thick collar of compact bone that surrounds a central what that is a marrow cavity, that contains no bone tissue?

Medullary cavity

The medullary cavity contains yellow marrow in adults and it can be called what?

Yellow marrow cavity

What are the bone ends and an outer shell of compact bone forms its exterior and the interior contains spongy bone, and a thin layer of articular cartilage covers the joint surface of each of this, cushioning the opposing bone ends?

Epiphyses

What is between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of an adult long bone a._______ that it is a remnant of the b._________, which is commonly called the growth plate, is a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone?

a. Epiphyseal line

b. Epiphyseal plate

This is the flared portion of the bone where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet?

Metaphysis

This is a glistening white, double-layered membrane that covers the external surface of the entire bone except the joint surfaces and the outer fibrous layer of this is a dense irregular connective tissue?

Periosteum

These are of the bundles of collagen fibers that extend into the bone matrix that secures the periosteum to the underlying bone?

Perforating fibers

This is a delicate connective tissue membrane that covers internal bone surfaces and it covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals that pass through the compact bone?

Endosteum

What are the main vessels that serve the diaphysis?

Nutrient artery and Nutrient vein

With the nutrient artery and the nutrient vein, they run through a hole in the wall of the diaphysis called what?

Nutrient foramen

What can the hematopoietic tissue be called which it can be found in different locations in infants and adults?

Red marrow

What do the external surface of a bone have that provides a wealth of information about how that bone and its attached muscles and ligaments work together?

Bone markings

What three categories fit with bone markings?

1. Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment

2. Surfaces that form joints

3. Depressions and openings for blood vessels and nerves

These can be called osteogenic cells that are mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum and in growing bones are flattened or squamous cells?

Osteoprogenitor cells

These are bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix?

Osteoblasts

This is of an mineralized bone that has calcium-binding proteins?

Osteoid

These are mature bone cells that occupy spaces that conform to their shape, monitor and maintain the bone matrix, and act as stress or strain “sensors” and respond to mechanical stimuli, and trigger bone remodeling?

Osteocytes

These are flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on?

Bone lining cells

These are giant multinucleate cells located at sites of bone resorption, are derived from the same white blood cell lineage that gives rise to macrophages, and have a ruffled border that directly contacts the bone?

Osteoclasts

These are the structural unit of compact bone, is also called Haversian system, and are elongated cylinder that orient parallel to the long axis of the bone?

Osteon

Each matrix tube can be what because of the reason that the compact bone can be called the lamellar bone?

Lamella

These run through the core of each osteon which can be called the Haversian canal that contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the osteon’s cells?

Central canal

These canals can be called Volkmann’s canals that lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood and nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central canals?

Perforating canals

Spider-shaped osteocytes occupy ________ at the junctions of the lamellae?

Lacunae

These are hairlike canals that radiate from the lacunae, that connects them to each other and to the central canal?

Canaliculi

These are of incomplete lamellae that lie between intact osteons that fill the gaps between forming osteons?

Interstitial lamellae

These are located deep to the periosteum and superficial to the endosteum, that extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysis and resist twisting of the long bone?

Circumferential lamellae

What two terms are both names for the process of bone tissue formation?

Ossification & Osteogenesis

What kind of ossification is where a bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage which the resulting bone can be called endochondral bone?

Endochondral ossification

What kind of ossification is where a bone develops from a fibrous membrane to which the bone is called a membranous bone?

Intramembranous ossification

What are the 5 steps of the formation of a long bone in the endochondral ossification?

1. A bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model

2. Cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis and then develops cavities

3. The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms

4. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms

5. The epiphyses ossify

As the bone collar forms, the chondrocytes within the shaft hypertrophy to what it can be called?

Primary ossification center

These contains a nutrient artery and vein, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts?

Periosteal bud

Before or after birth, this kind of ossification develops in one or both epiphyses, whereas the large bones form and the small long bones form?

Secondary ossification centers

These form the cranial bones of the skull and the clavicles, the bones formed are flat bones, and at about week 8 of development, begins within fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells?

Intramembranous ossification

Within the growth in length in long bones, the cartilage is inactive on the side of the epiphyseal plate facing the epiphysis to what region?

Resting zone

What are the four zones below the resting zone and when the cartilage cells form?

1. Proliferation zone: cells at the “top” side of the stack next to the resting zone comprise this growth zone and cells divide quickly pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis and lengthening the entire long bone

2. Hypertrophic zone: older chondrocytes in the stack that are closer to the diaphysis enlarge

3. Calcification zone: the surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies, the chondrocytes die, and the matrix begins to deteriorate, allowing blood vessels to invade

4. Ossification zone: the calcified things are invaded by marrow elements from the medullary cavity

Bone resorption and deposit constitute what that is coordinated by cohorts of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which respond to signals from hormones and stress-sensing osteocytes?

Bone remodeling