A&P Ch 3: Transport, Apoptosis, Autophagy, Developmental Aspects of Cells

What is Active Membrane Transport?

2 main types: active and vesicular transport

require ATP because the solute is either too large, not lipid soluble, or not able to move down concentration gradient

What is active transport?

requires carrier proteins to go against the concentration gradient (ATP)

antiporters - 2 substances in different directions

symporters - 2 substances in the same direction

2 types: primary and secondary

What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

primary requires energy directly from ATP hydrolysis while secondary uses energy indirectly from ionic gradients

What is an example of Active Transport?

Sodium-Potassium Pump

pumps 3 Na+ in and 2 K+ out

What are the three types of vesicular transport?

Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Transcytosis

What is Endocytosis?

transport into a cell

3 types: phagocytosis(cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), receptor-mediated endocytosis (concentrate specific substances)

What is exocytosis?

material is ejected from cell (hormones, mucus, cellular waste)

activated by cell-surface signals

What is Autophagy?

self eating, allows the body to break down and reuse old parts so your cells can operate more efficiently

occurs when cells have become obsolete or damaged

What is Apoptosis?

programmed cell death

causes certain cells to self-destruct (cancer cells, infected cells)

caspases cause degradation of DNA which is activated by the mitochondria which leakes chemicals that activate the caspases enzyme

What is cell differentiation?

development of specific and distinctive features in cells

What are stem cells?

undifferentiated that can rise to more stem cells or differentiated cells

used for healing and regeneration

What are progenitor cells?

type of stem cell that can only replicate a certain number of times, more specific than stem cells.