APUSH Final All Terms

Inca

• A group of people in Peru who created the biggest empire the Americas had seen 

• They started as a small tribe in Cuzco, but they had a powerful leader named Pachacuti

Pachacuti

• He was the leader of the Inca and his name translates to “world shaker” 

• Used force to created his empire which became so large that it stretched 2,000 miles of western Southern America 

• Used his agents to convince the locals of Cuzco, these were the people that the Incas wanted to control; because of his efforts, most of the local leaders of Cuzco allied themselves with the Incas

Mexica

• The name that was used when describing people from a bunch of different tribes 

• It was because of the many Meso-American tribes that were being established due to the Mayans

Tenochtitlan

• A city that was established by Mexica

• It is where present day Mexico is 

• The Mexica eventually included other tribes in their society and Tenochtitlan became the best city that Americans had ever created 

• The population was 100,000 by 1500 and the people of Tenochtitlan created many large public buildings, schools, a military, a health system, and an organized enslaved workforce 

• They showed they were in control and the greatest city

Cahokia

• One of the cities that emerged due to trade 

• It was near current St Louis 

• It was at its highest point in 1200 CE with a population of 10,000

• Contained a complex of earth mounds

Prince Henry the Navigator

• A portuguese explorer who wanted to find a faster route to Asia; the portuguese were one of the most powerful nations at the time 

• His was not to find a faster route to Asia, but instead finding the coast of Africa because he wanted to start a christian empire there so that he could help the country in its wars against the moors, he also hoped to find gold here 

  • His explorations ended up not fulfilling these goals, but they eventually went further than he ever expected

Bartholomeu Dias

• An explorer who explored the southern tip of Africa in 1488 eight years after PH’s death 

Vasco da Gama

• Another explorer who went to the cape of India in 1497-1498

Christopher Columbus

• He had always been in service of the portuguese and even as a child wanted to explore Asia and finding a faster route to it 

• Portugal ended up not supporting his argument so he turned to Spain and they accepted his proposal 

• He ended up landing in the bahamas and was not successful in finding a quicker route to asia 

  • There, he captured native americans and brought them back to spain

• He went on this journey 3 times and then came to a conclusion that this was not Asia and it was a different continent 

• He was ignored when the name was given to the “New World”

Ferdinand of Aragon

• The king of spain at the time who accepted Christopher Columbus’ proposal as to exploring and finding a faster route to Asia

• Him and the queen were both powerful rulers, and once they got married, they had a very powerful and successful monarchy

Isabella of Castile

• She was the queen of spain

  • Her and the king had a very strong monarchy and were powerful rulers 

• Spain had earned wealth because of commercial ventures

Hernando Cortes

• He led a military in 1518 to the New World because he heard they had gold and he wanted it 

• His military consisted of about 600 men who he went to Mexico with 

• He was a government official in Cuba, but he hadn’t had much success and when he heard about the treasure in mexico he really wanted to go and find it

Aztecs

• The people in Mexico that Hernando Cortes tried to fight against to get gold 

• They resisted a lot more than he expected 

• These people had a very powerful empire 

• They were exposed to smallpox by Cortes and his men 

• The spanish believed they had won the battle against these people and that the smallpox epidemic proved that

Montezuma

• The leader ot the Aztecs

Conquistadores

• They are spanish conquerors 

• Cortes and his men became known as the most brutal conquistadors because they forcefully conquered land as well as giving the Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro

• He was a conquistador who conquered Peru and told the Europeans about the wealth of the Incas and their silver 

• By telling them about this, there were able to be other advancements in South America 

• “Pizarro Peru”

Columbian Exchange

• The exchange between the “Old world” and the “New world”

• The “Old world” got a lot of new crops including fruits and vegetables which made Europeans a lot healthier

• The people in the “New world” received items like sugar and wheat, but Native Americans also got a lot of diseases from Europeans which wiped out a lot of the Native American population

Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther was mad at the church because they were making people pay to get into heaven, he also believed that the pope and clergy did not have the right idea of God

• Many regular men and women were persuaded by Luther and decided to follow him 

• Luther said he was reforming with the church and not protesting against them, but the church ended up excommunicating Luther and then him and his people went away from the church entirely

Martin Luther

• He wrote the 95 thesis and was the reason for the Protestant Reformation

• He decided that he didn’t agree with what the church was doing and felt like he should protest

Predestination

• It was determined if someone was going to Heaven or Hell even before they were born 

• Created by John Calvin

Puritans

• A group in England that picked up John Calvin’s religion 

English Reformation

• It was caused because of a political argument between the King and the Pope 

• King Henry VIII wanted a divorce with his first wife, but the pope refused to do that 

• Because of this, the king went against the church and made a new form of christianity and his own church

King Henry VIII

• He was the King of England

• He had many wives

• He caused the English reformation because he wanted a divorce with one of his wives

Church of England/ Anglican Church

• The church that King Henry VIII created because he wanted to divorce his first wife for not giving him a son 

• Queen Elizabeth followed the Church of England, but many European christians did not feel that it expressed their religious needs and wants 

• Many people believed the reformation did not help

Separatists

• They were a group of Puritans that wanted freedom of religion and did not want to follow the church of England, the Catholic Church, or the Protestant Church 

• They were against unauthorized religious meetings and they wanted all people to attend the Anglican church, and they also did not discriminate against women and allowed them to have preacher roles

King James I

• The monarch after Queen Elizabeth 

• He believed kings ruled by divine right 

• He did not like the puritans were were mainly businessmen, so he restored arbitrary taxation

• He favored the English Catholics by granting them charters and favors 

• Many people started to try to look for places to go outside of the kingdom

• Banishes the separatists

Jamestown

• The first English settlement in the New World 

• The English sought expansion, but they had many failed attempts of creating colonies in the New World

“Sea Dogs”

• They raided the Spanish merchant ships because Spain was the dominant naval force 

• They were now able to challenge the sea power of the Spanish

Sir Francis Drake

• He was a sea dog and he had many successful raids on the Spanish 

King Philip II

• The Spanish king and he had just recently united Spain with Portugal 

• He wanted to end the English raids and end the English challenging the Spanish and he wanted to bring the English back to the Catholic Church

“Spanish Armada”

• They were a large military fleet 

• They were used to invade the English and carry the King’s troops into England 

• This did not go successfully because English’s smaller fleet scattered them and ended the invasion attempt 

• This made the English feel much more free about settling in the New World

Captain John Smith

• He was a great leader of the English in Jamestown

• He was a famous world traveler 

• He tried to help the settlement and enforced order

• He also created a relationship with the Native Americans (sometimes he would negotiate with them for food, but sometimes he would steal it)

Virginia Company

• What the London Company renamed themselves 

• It got a charter from the king which made it gain more power and give it more territory 

• It gave stock to the planters who wanted to move and gave free passage to virginia to poor people who agreed to stay with and serve the Virginia company for seven years

“Starving Time”

• The winter of 1609-1610 

• The Native Americans realized the english settlers were a threat so they did not let them move inland anymore 

• The settlers were not able to hunt or grow food, so they had to eat whatever they could find like dogs, cats, snakes, and the corpses of dead men

“Headright System”

• They were 50 acre grants of land that settlers could earn in different ways, but those who already lived in the settlement would earn 100 acres instead of 50

• Each person would receive their own headright which encouraged families to come together because they could acquire more land that way 

• People who paid for the passage of other immigrants would receive an additional headright 

• In return for these headrights, they gave a little bit of money for each headright to the Virginia company

Indentured servants

• Women were purchased for 120 pounds of tobacco so that they could marry the male colonists 

• They were under contact to work

Sir William Berkeley

• He was the governor of Virginia in 1642 and got sent by King Charles I

• He stayed governor until the 1670s

• He sent people across the Blue Ridge Mountains to open the western inside of virginia 

• He was able to create a force that beat the 1644 Indian uprising, and earned a lot of land for the english as a result 

• He agreed with the native americans that he would prohibit while settlement west of a certain line

Nathaniel Bacon

• He was a recent graduate at Cambridge University 

• He bought a farm in Virginia and got on the governor’s council 

• He said he was a member of the backcountry gentry 

• The backcountry settlements were in danger of being attacked by the Native americans because many were built on lands that were supposed to be for the Native Americans

Green Spring

• The inner circle group of the Governor’s council

• They had access to patronage 

• Bacon was upset about being excluded from them

• Berkley’s inner circle

Bacon’s Rebellion

• He was concerned with the attacks and raids of the Native Americans that had been happening recently; many of the english were being killed (Berkeley is not doing anything about it)

• Bacon decided to attack the Native Americans and disobeyed what Berkeley had said about being cautious

  • After they did this, Berkeley said they were rebels 

• It was at first meant to be an attack on the Native americans but it turned into a military challenge to the colonial government 

• Bacon went to Jamestown twice during his rebellion and received a pardon the first time, but the second time he burned down the city and the governor fleas

William Bradford

• The leader of the pilgrims 

• They left Holland on the Mayflower

Mayflower

• It was the ship that carried the pilgrims as well as people who weren’t fully pilgrims

Mayflower Compact

• The settlers realized that they had no legal documentation to settle in plymouth

• Forty one male passengers of the Mayflower decided to sign a document establishing a civil government and giving their loyalty to the king

John Winthrop

• The new governor of the Massachusetts Bay company 

• He was known for organizing moving and was the leader of the expedition that went to New England using 17 ships 

• He had the charter of the MBC which said the colonists would only be responsible to themselves

Congregational Church

• The founders of Massachusetts did not want to break away from the Catholic church 

• Each group chose their own minister and decided how to handle their own affairs

Navigation Acts

• They were created by Charles II

• He wanted to regulate international trade very strictly 

• First act

  • He closed the colonies to all trade except the trade brought by English ships 

  • They were only allowed to export items like tobacco to only England 

• Second act

  • It made sure that all the goods being imported from Europe to the colonies had to pass through england on the way so that England could tax them 

• Third act 

  • It enforced that people could only leave the port to go to an English colony

Dominion of New England

• The English established dominance over the native americans in new england 

• The English controlled the Native Americans until the English were the dominant force in the society

Sir Edmund Andros

• After James II dominated New England colonies, New York, and New Jersey, he got this new governor

• He would be in charge of the whole region from Boston 

• He enforced the Navigation acts, he dismissed the colonists when they said they had certain rights, and he had very mean ways of running things; he was unpopular

Enlightenment

• It was a time period in the seventeenth century where people started to believe in human reason rather than faith to create better lives 

• This is when people started to accept the scientific method

• It was a movement coming to Europe and America, stressing the importance of science and human reason 

• The old views placed and importance on witchcraft and how faith was greater than intellect, but the Enlightenment was to try to change that 

• It said that people had control over their lives and societies and that the world could be explained through science and reason 

• There was tension between the people who believed in the old views and the people who believed in the enlightenment

Enslaved Africans

• They were high in demand in the south and the demand increased once tobacco was introduced and became one of the main crops used in the chesapeake colony 

• The amount of enslaved africans was limited because the atlantic slave trade didn’t serve the english colonies in america at first 

• The Caribbean supplied British America with enslaved africans

“Middle passage”

• It was the journey to America that the slaves went on and they were backed on dark and filthy holds of the ships 

• They were trapped on these ships for months and the conditions of all of them were awful 

• They only got little food and water and the women were victims of sexual abuse and rape 

• Many died during the passage, but those who survived were auctioned off to white landowners in the english colonies in america

Royal African Company

• They were a company that maintained a monopoly on trade in the mainland colonies and because of this, they were able to keep their prices high and their supplies low 

• The flow of slaves was slow because of them

“Slave codes”

• They were laws that limited the rights of enslaved people

• They gave full authority to the slaveholders 

• Skin color determined if you were a subject to slave codes

Stono Rebellion

• It was a revolt by the enslaved africans who rose up against the slave owners

• They took weapons and killed many white people and even tried to escape south to Florida 

• The white landowners quickly fought back and executed most of the enslaved people involved

Primogeniture

• It was the passing of all inherited property to the first born son, but it was not present in New England 

• Instead, the father divided his lands evenly among all of his sons

Salem Witch Trials

• They were accusations of witchcraft most commonly in Salem, Massachusetts 

• Adolescent girls started to show strange behavior, accusations spread and soon hundreds of women were being accused of witchcraft, and using it on these adolescent girls 

• At first, West Indians were targeted but it soon grew to just prominent people in New England 

• Most of these “witches” were middle aged women, most of the time widowed, with few or no children, as well as lower class positions, involved in domestic affairs, had been accused of other crimes frequently, and were considered abrasive by their neighbors 

• They were women who were not into the social norm and did not run by a male dominated family structure

Great Awakening

• It was an American revival that emerged due to the declining piety 

• It brought new religious passion to the colonies 

• It appealed mostly to women who were converts and to younger sons that did not inherit as much land as their brothers 

• The word revival was used because people broke away from the past and started to create relationships with God and worship in new ways 

  • Many people broke away from their families and communities to do this

George Whitefield

• He was a powerful preacher and was an associate of the Wesleys 

• He made many evangelizing tours throughout the colonies and attracted many people

Jonathan Edwards

• The most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening 

• He attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all in Massachusetts 

• He preached the Puritan ideas of absolute sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God’s grace alone 

• He talked about hell in great detail which scared his listeners

Libel

• Harmful and untrue 

• In England, a printed attack in court on a public official was considered libelous

John Peter Zenger

• He was a New York publisher who was defended in court by Andrew Hamilton 

•  He was a journalist and he wrote something bad about someone in the government which was considered libel

• Because he had a good lawyer, he wasn’t punished because he was able to convince the court that something should only be considered libel if it's not true

Navigation Acts (4)

• They were laws that Parliament put into place which strengthened the mercantilists 

• They restricted colonial manufactures 

• They did not allow paper currency 

• They regulated trade

Mercantilism

• Buying and selling items; trading 

• Navigation acts strengthened it

Salutary Neglect

• the unofficial British policy where the rules of parliament in Britain were loosely enforced or not enforced in the American colonies 

Colonial legislatures

• The part of the government that makes laws in the colonies

• They claimed the right to impose taxes, make appropriations, approve appointments, and pass laws for their colony 

• The legislature could be vetoed by the governor or the Privy Council 

• The assemblies, however, had more power than the governor so they could pass laws that the Privy Council vetoed

Albany Plan

• It was the plan of “one general government” which Ben Franklin proposed 

• The war with the French and Native Americans was already going on when the colonial assemblies did not approve of this

Seven Years War

• The war that was in North America, it changed the balance of power through the colonies and the whole world

• It was a fight between England and France for dominance in world trade 

• The British won this war, and England became dominant in world trade and it controlled most of the colonies in North America

French and Indian War

• The final stage in the long battle in North America between the English, the French, and the Iroquois 

• Prior to the French and Indian war, these three groups had an uneasy balance of power 

• In the 1750s, the balance of these was off which created a conflict and established dominance for the English societies in North America 

• The French and Indian war was important to the English colonists because it made their relationship with the British better

King William’s War

• It was a war between the English and the French in New England and it produced clashes against the two nations 

Queen Anne’s War

• Went on for 12 years and generated conflicts

  • Border fighting with the Spaniards in the south 

  • Conflicts between the French and their Native American allies

Treaty of Utrecht

• Brought conflict to an end in 1713

• Transferred substantial areas of French territory in North America to the English

Acadia/Nova Scotia

• They were substantial areas of French territory that were taken away from the French and given to the English 

Newfoundland

• Another substantial French territory that was given to the English due to the Treaty of Utrecht 

King George’s War

• There was a territorial dispute between the English and the French caused by the Anglo-Spanish conflict 

• The English colonists in America engaged in a series of conflicts with the French 

• New Englanders captured the French bastion at Louisbourg, but the peace treaty ended the conflict and they were forced to abandon it

Fort Necessity

• Built by Washington; it was an enclosed area for the English near Fort Duquesne 

• The French assaulted it and trapped Washington and his soldiers; Washington eventually surrendered

Fort Duquesne

• It was a large French outpost in current day Pittsburgh 

General Edward Braddock

• He was the commander in chief of the British army in America 

• He tried to retake the site in the Ohio Valley where Washington lost the battle and he failed miserably 

• He was ambushed by the French and Native Americans, and he died

William Pitt

• The English secretary of state 

• He wanted to bring North America fully under British control 

• He planned strategies, appointed military commanders, and issued orders to the colonists

James Wolfe

• He was also a brilliant english general and did what Amherst did 

• They both also helped to eliminate Fort Duquesne

King George III

• Peace came after he came to power in England 

Peace of Paris of 1763

• The French gave up their territory of their West Indian islands and most of their colonies in India to Great Britain 

• They gave Canada and territory east of Mississippi (besides New Orleans) to Great Britain 

• The French eventually surrendered all of their North American colonies to the British

Proclamation of 1763

• It was made by the British government to prevent the Native Americans from fighting back because that might mess up western trade 

• It forbade settlers from advancing beyond a line that was along the Appalachian Mountains 

• The proclamation was good for the British because it would allow London to control westward movement of the white population, so westward expansion would continue in an organized manner and conflicts with the Native Americans would be limited

Sugar Act of 1764

• Made to eliminate the illegal sugar trade between the colonies of the French and the Spanish West Indies 

• It enforced the duty on Sugar and lowered the duty on molasses which damaged the sugar industry in the colonies

Vice-admiralty courts

• The Sugar act established these in America

• It was to try to accuse smugglers of smuggling and did not give them the benefit of local juries

Stamp Act of 1765

• Imposed a tax on most printed documents in the colonies including newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, and licenses

• These acts were to revert the colonies back to the old ways of mercantilism, but the acts caused many problems

Sons of Liberty

• In Boston, there was a group of men named this who terrorized stamp agents and burned the stamps 

• The agents surrendered and the sale of stamps in the colonies came to an end

Declaratory Act

• It was an act saying that Parliament had authority over all of the colonies “in all cases whatsoever” 

• Most Americans paid little attention to this

Charles Townshend

• William Pitt was asked by the king to form a government, but because he was aging, this guy really led the government 

• He was a politician known as “the Weathercock” and “Champagne Charlie”

Townshend Duties

• Townshend made two inflammatory measures through Parliament to try to raise revenues in the colonies 

• They disbanded the New York Assembly until the colonists decided to obey the Mutiny Act 

• The second one imposed new taxes on different goods that were imported to the colonies from England (these were the Townshend duties)

Nonimportation agreement

• The merchants of Philadelphia and New York joined together for a boycott, the southern merchants and planters got involved as well

• The colonists boycotted british goods that were subject to the Townshend duties

“Boston Massacre”

• The incident of Preston resulted in Panic and confusion and by local residence leaders, was quickly turned into this conflict 

• The British were brutal and the victims were popular martyrs (people who are killed because of their religion) 

• Two British soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter 

• Every year after, people began to mark the date with speeches and demonstrations

British East India Company

• It was Britain’s company which had a monopoly on trade with the Far East was on the verge of bankruptcy and had large stocks of tea that it could not sell in England 

Tea Act of 1773

• It gave the BEIC the right to export its tea directly to the colonies without paying any of the navigation taxes that were imposed on the colonial merchants 

• This meant that the BEIC could undersell American merchants and have the monopoly of colonial tea trade

Boston Tea Party

• Leaders in colonies made a plan to prevent the BEIC from landing its ships in colonial ports 

• They did not let the tea leave the company’s ships and they even stored it in a public warehouse 

• They failed to turn back the 3 ships in the harbor, so three companies of men dressed up as Mohwaks and went on three ships

• They broke open tea chests and threw them into the water, and many other colonies did similar things after

Coercive Acts

• George III and Lord North made these when the Bostonians refused to pay for the property they damaged 

• In four acts, Parliament closed the port of Boston, reduced self-government, permitted royal officers to be tried in other colonies or in England when accused of a crime, and provided for their to be troops in the colonists’ barnes and empty houses

First Continental Congress

• It was elected by the assemblies and by extralegal meetings 

• Delegates of all the colonies except Georgia were present when in September 1774, the First Continental Congress was created in Carpenter’s Hall in Philadelphia

• 5 major decisions

  • They rejected Galloway’s plan

  • They gave support to a statement of grievances

  • They approved a series of resolutions

  • They agreed to nonimportation, nonexportation, and non consumption

  • They agreed to meet again next spring

“Continental Association”

• This was formed to enforce the agreements of stopping the trade with Great Britain 

Lexington

• Where John Hancock and Sam Adams were, where General Gage would go to arrest them 

Concord

• Where a bunch of gunpowder was stored by the minutemen

• It was 18 miles from Boston 

• General Gage sent out 1,000 soldiers out from Boston on the road to Lexington and Concord to surprise the colonials and seize the illegal supplies without bloodshed

“Olive Branch Petition”

• It was a conciliatory appeal to the king proposed by the delegates, but the British government rejected it