IB Geography - Global population distribution

Population distribution

Pattern of where people live

Population density

Measure of the number of people who live in a specified area

Physical factors that lead to a high population density

Natural resources

Soil fertility

Rainfall (source of water)

Human factors that lead to a high population density

Economic development

Jobs

Education

Human factors that lead to a low population density

Conflict

Low security

Physical factors that lead to a low population density

Difficult terrain

Lack/surplus of rainfall

Extreme climate

Why could wealth be deemed a narrow concept

As it only refers to money

Define Recently industrialising countries(RICs)

Countries which have experienced rapid industrial, social and economic growth since 1980

What does the G20 refer to?

A group of the world’s 20 biggest economies

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Measure of total value of the output of goods and services INSIDE a nations borders, it includes profits of foreign own businesses operating there.

Gross National Income (GNI)

Total income received by a country from its residents and businesses regardless if they are located abroad

Gross National Product

GDP + net property income from abroad, which includes dividends, interest and profit.

According to Hans Rosling how does economic development vary in the world

Within cities and specific people

What is the global core and peripheral concept

The concept of a developed core surrounded by an undeveloped periphery. The concept can be applied at various scales

What is the dependancy theory ?

Idea that developed rich countries (core) are limiting the level of development of the poorer countries (periphery) from the control of the world economy.

Name some characteristics of a core country

High foreign investment

High employment and wages

High level communications and technology

High literacy rates

Wide variety of entertainment etc

What are the 4 key factors that contribute to megacity growth ?

Population growth

Reduced need for farming (rural-urban migration)

Loss of farmland

Technological evolution

Factors that contribute refer to high birth rates

High infant mortality

Lack of consent

no education abt sex and contraceptions

Factors that contribute refer to high death rates

Famine/poor nutrition

unhygienic conditions

no healthcare

war

disease

Crude birth rate

The number of births per thousand population in a given year of a given geographical population.

Crude death rate

The number of deaths per thousand population in a given year of a given geographical population.

Population momentum

Population growth at the national level that would occur even if levels of childbearing immediately declined to replacement level. This is because of the time lag as younger generations move into the fertile age bracket.

Replacement rate

Number of children a woman must have to maintain zero population. In developing countries this is 2.1

Total fertility rate

The number of children the average woman in a population is likely to have throughout her life (based on current birth rates)

Asylum seekers

Seek to gain entry by claiming to be victims of persecution, hardship or circumstances until their country is safe again

Refugees

People who have fled due to fear of death or persecution without seeking asylum

Displaced people

People forced to leave homes and seek refuge within the country

Economic refugee

Migrant workers who falsely claim that there reasons for migration are to do with persecution rather than personal ambition

Illegal immigrants

People who take up residency without official permission

Anti-natalist policy

A policy that tries to reduce birth rates

What groups are at risk of human trafficking

Migrants/refugees, LGBTQIA, Disabled people, Stateless people

What is the demographic dividend

Window of opportunity for economic development by harnessing the ideal conditions of a large working age population in relation to a smaller group of young dependants

Maternal mortality rate

The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to the pregnancy or its management.

Family planning

The practice of controlling the no. of children one has and the intervals between their births, particularly by means of contraception or voluntary sterilisation.

Ageing population

This occurs when the median age of a country increases due to rising life expectancy and/or declining fertility rates.

Economically active

Proportion of the population aged 15-64 in the working age.

Demographic transition model

model which demonstrates how the population of countries fluctuate over time , as birth rates, death rates, and natural increase change

Population pyramid

A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age and gender groups in a population

Migration balance

Difference between immigration and emigration.

Selective migration

Migration which involves one particular cohort of the population (eg. working women).

Brain drain

Emigration of intelligent, skilled or capable resources especially due to lack of high paying jobs.

Norway

Gender equality in core: Male and female footballers get paid equally for representing, there is a crack special forces unit called 'the hunter troop' made up entirely of women

Kerala, India

City to use as example of gender equality in periphery.

Nigeria (Human trafficking)

Vulnerable women and girls are trafficked from this country and forced into a life of exploitation

Two child policy

From 1st January 2016, this population policy came into effect in mainland China

Thomas Maltheus

Pessimistic view of world population growth - population would grow at a geometric rate, but food would only increase at an arithmetic rate - therefore, we will very soon be overpopulated

Esther Boserup

OPTIMISTIC VIEW OF WORLD POPULATION GROWTH - innovative species and will find ways of ensuring that we can provide for the growth - eg, green revolution, HYVs, vertical rooftop farming in cities, etc.

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of individuals that a given environment can support with the resources available and without detrimental effects.

Preventive checks (on population)

Postponement of marriage, higher cost of food

Positive checks (on population)

War, famine, disease - ie the deaths of people who are alive now

North-south divide

The increasing inequality in levels of development between the North (HICs) and the South (LICs)

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, representing the interests of oil exporters. Its position is undermined by some oil-producing countries such as the UK, which does not agree with OPEC controlled oil prices.

census

an official periodic count of a population including such information as age, gender, occupation and ethnic origin

Explain reasons why the median age of a population could decrease

• The arrival of youthful economic migrants means proportionately more younger people, reducing the median age

• High birth rate/fertility rate will increase the proportion of younger population

• Increased mortality among elderly population/decrease in life expectancy.

• Increase in death rate due to conflict decreases the proportion of independent population

Explain environmental consequences of one named forced migration.

• Northern Cameroon hosts Nigerian refugees who have escaped violence this has caused rapid deforestation as refugees need firewood for cooking.

• Lebanon has many Syrian refugees escaping war the waste from informal settlements is often dumped in an uncontrolled manner this leads to soil and water pollution.

• Also could be loss of biodiversity due to clearing land to build settlements

Policies designed to prevent human trafficking (3marks)

Any of:

• Accreditation schemes such as Global Organic Textile Standard decrease demand for cheap clothes that cause trafficking of labour in LICs

• Travel restrictions – children not travel without parents’/parent’s signature eg France

• Prosecution of individuals/firms that use trafficked labour or groups that organise the trafficking of people by the National Crime Agency in UK

• Cambodia passed legislation in 2008 that criminalises all forms of trafficking . Fines and prison sentences are applied to those convicted.