Morris Bian History 1010 - Exam 3

artistic renaissance

Painters, sculptors and architects drew inspiration from classical greek and roman artists.

intellectual renaissance

humanists also looked to classical rather than medieval literary models

Michelangelo best represented the spirit of Renaissance in terms of

individual ability, creativity, and potentiality

Michelangelo was born into a family of

bankers in Florence

Michelangelo came under the protection of

Lorenzo the Magnificent

The modeling is especially close to the formulas of

classical antiquity with a simplified geometry

aphrodite

Goddess of love, beauty, and fertility

The statues striking similarity suggests that the statue of David embodies

the revival of classical tradition in sculpture

Renaissance humanism

a form of education and culture based on the study of the classics; was thoroughly/completely secular in outlook

Petrarch

the father of Renaissance humanism

Who was the first one to characterize the Middle Ages as darkness?

Petrarch

philogy

study and analysis of ancient texts; became one of the most celebrated humanist skills

What did Lorenzo Valla demonstrate?

Philogy had important practical applications

Pope Sylvester

cured Constantine of leprosy

Lorenzo Valla

proved that the Donation of Constantine was forgery

The Renaissance marked the revival of Europe's

primary intellectual and artistic tradition, suggesting change within tradition

The Renaissance marked the revival of primary intellectual and artistic tradition the emphasizes

secular concerns and human rationality and ability

Where was Martin luther born?

Germany in 1483

Where did Martin Luther attend college?

University of Erfurt and earned an MA degree in liberal arts in 1505

Church Doctrine

both faith and good works were required for salvation

The new doctrine of Protestant Reformation developed by Martin Luther

Salvation or Justification by Grace through faith alone

The twin pillars of the protestant reformation

justification by Faith alone and The Bible

indulgence

the remission of punishment because a sin already committed has been forgiven

indulgence is granted by

the church when the sinner confesses and receives absolution

when an indulgence is given

the church is extending merit to a sinner from it Treasure House of Merit. These Merits can be bought and sold.

How many propositions did Martin Luther nail to the castle church door in 1517?

95

What was Luther protesting?

claims made by a papal representative that the buying of indulgences would advance salvation

What did Martin Luther advocate?

1. the closure of monasteries as faith alone was needed for salvation

2. translation of the Bible from Latin inter vernacular (everyday) languages

3. An end to priestly authority, including the authority of the. pope himself, for the Bible was the only source of Christian religious authority

In 1536 John calvin published a book entitled

the Institutes of the Christian Religion

What was the significance of John Calvin's book?

it was masterful synthesis of Protestant thought, a manual for church organization, and a work that secured his reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestant Reformation

Predestination

the doctrine that God has foreordained all things, especially that God has elected certain souls to eternal salvation

Calvin's tests to assure salvation

1. open profession of faith

2. decent and godly life

3. participation in the sacraments of baptism and communion

What church structure was under Calvin?

Geneva

pastors

preaching the word to their congregations

doctors

Christian theologians, studied and wrote

Deacons

laymen who were chose to oversee institutions of social services and welfare

elders

governers in charge of all moral matter

St. Martin's Cathedral/Dom Church in Utrecht

the Netherlands only pre-Reformation cathedral, but has been a Protestant church since 1580

What two things had to do with the recovery and revival of the primary intellectual tradition of European Civilization?

scholasticism and renaissance

How did Europeans base their understand of the Universe on?

Egyptian scholar Claudius Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemy

synthesized Greek knowledge of the known universe

Ptolemy's Universe

Geocentric Model

Nicholas Copernicus

the pioneer of the Scientific Revolution, a monk and mathematician

What was the Heliocentric model?

Copernicus came up with a mathematically simpler solution by switching the position of sun and earth

How did the Roman Catholic Church respond to Copernicus's discovery?

the church condemned Copernicus' theory in 1616. Later, the church condemned Galileo for supporting Copernicus' findings

What was the book by Copernicus that was banned from the church until 1822?

Heavenly Spheres

How many years did it take for Copernicus' discovery to become heresay?

400

Issac Newton

carried out the completion of Copernicus's work

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

Newton argued that a law of universal gravitation regulates the motions of bodies throughout the universe

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition

What did the social contract establish?

mutual obligations

if the government claimed absolute authority or made laws without the consent of the governed then

the people might overthrow the existing government and form a new government

Locke's Theory of Social Contract

embodied the attempt of Enlightenment thinkers to subject human society to ration and critical analysis

Consequences of Enlightenment

1. outlined a rationalistic approach that continues to characterize western intellectual arsenal

2. established basic framework for modern Western intellectual life

What do Scholasticism, European Renaissance, The Scientific Revolution, and The Enlightenment all have in common?

they are all related to the revival of European civilization's primary intellectual tradition

What was the only one we discussed that did not have anything to do with the rediscovery, revival, and growth of the primary intellectual tradition of the European civilization?

Protestant Reformation

What marked the beginning of late medieval England?

William the Conqueror's invasion of England

Who attempted to bring about administrative centralization?

King Henry II

The reign of Henry II saw the production of

the first written legal textbook in the history of England

What document provided the basis of today's common law?

the first written legal textbook in the history of England

common law

the system of laws originated and developed in England and based on court decisions, on the doctrines implicit in those decisions, and on customs and usages rather than on codified written laws

When did English noble's rise to the rebellion against monarchial power?

During the reign of King John (1199-1216)

King John was forced to sign the

Magna Carta

The Magna Carta

state that the kind should observe "the law of the land" and that the king could not proceed against anyone without following the due process of the Common Law

What was due process?

an establishment course for judicial proceedings or other governmental activities designed to safeguard the legal rights of the individual

If the kind wished to do something beyond the prevailing law of the land

he could only do so with consent of the community of organized nobles

Who took over the management of government in 1258?

committee of novles

What happened when King Henry tried to regain power over the government?

he was defeated in open battle by the nobles

Modern civil rights and liberties resulted from

the sustained conflict between the monarchy and the nobility

Great Council of England

lay an ecclesiastical magnates (powerful and influential person), noble representatives (new members)

The British Parliament

a key representative institution resulted directly from the joint assembly of noble representatives and magnates during the late 13th century and indirectly and fundamentally from the sustained conflict between the monarchy and the nobility

Who did Parliament meet before?

King Edward

What marked the establishment of Capetian Dynasty?

the election of Hugh Capet as King

Who was the king of France during the early 14th century?

Phillip the Fair

What were the three estates?

clergy, nobility, townspeople

Philip the Fair

the first monarch to consult systematically with representative bodies in French History

Who emerged at the critical moments of the Hundred Year's War?

Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc

cam to believe that her favorite Saint had commanded her to free France

Who did Joan of Arc ask to allow her to accompany a French Army to Orleans?

Dauphin Charles

Joan of Arc was tortured and subjected to repeated questioning in prison

she was found guilty of witchcraft and burned at the stake

Who won the Hundred Years War

France

Canons

were introduced during the Hundred Years War and eventually led to their victory

Consequences of the Hundred Years War

- The establishment of a regular system of taxation in both England and France.

- It strengthened existing tendencies in state-building in both England and France

nation state

territorial association that claims supremacy over all other associations within its boundaries

characteristics of nation states

- independent power

- coercive power

4 steps of formation of modern nation-states in continental Europe

1. National unification and independence

2. the development and differentiation of institutions

3. the transfer of power from traditional elites to royal government = administrative centralization

4. the use of state power in guiding and controlling social and economic activity

What was the Sixteenth-Century Crisis?

wars of religion in France due to reformation ideologies

In France, Calvinists were called

Hugenots

What percentage of the French Nobility were Huguenots?

40-50%

Which two denominations became intolerant and hostile towards each other?

Catholics and Huguenots

St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre

in Paris in 1572 where 8000 people were massacred

Who succeeded to the throne during the 16th century crisis?

Henry of Navarre

When did the wars come to end?

Henry's Coronation as King Henry IV

Who issued the Edict of Nantes?

Henry IV of Navarre

Edict of Nantes

acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guaranteed Huguenots the right to worship as well as political privileges.

The Thirty Year's War

the last of religious wars

Who were Catholic forces led by?

The Holy Roman Emperors from the Hapsburg family

Who were Protestant forces led by?

nobles of Bohemia

Bohemia

the historical region of the Czech Republic

The Thirty Years War gave rise to extensive use of the

musket