BIO112 Flashcards

Flashcards based on BIO112 lecture notes covering Kingdom Animalia, architectural designs, protozoans, sponges, and cnidarians.

What are the key differences between the Kingdom Animalia and other kingdoms?

Kingdom Animalia lacks cell walls and chloroplasts and is heterotrophic.

What features are used to classify the animal kingdom?

Architectural designs, symmetries, body designs, patterns of organization, presence or absence of a coelom, cephalization, and segmentation.

What are the two broad divisions of the animal kingdom?

Invertebrates and vertebrates.

Name the seven phyla of the protozoans.

Sacromastigophora, Labyrinthormorpha, Apicomplexa, Microsporea, Acetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora.

Name the classes of Phylum Porifera.

Calcarea, Demospongiae, Sclerospongiae, and Hexactinellida.

Name the classes of Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria).

Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa.

Define asymmetry and give an example.

Arrangement of body parts without a central axis or point. Example: Sponges.

Define bilateral symmetry and give an example.

Arrangement of body parts where a single plane divides the animal into right and left mirror images. Example: Vertebrates.

Define radial symmetry and give an example.

Arrangement of body parts where any plane through the oral-aboral axis divides the animal into mirror images. Example: Cnidarians.

Define 'aboral'.

The side of the body opposite the mouth.

Define 'oral'.

The end bearing the mouth.

Define 'anterior'.

The head end, usually the end of a bilateral animal that meets the environment.

Define 'posterior'.

The tail end.

What is cephalization?

The concentration of nervous tissue, the mouth, and sense organs towards the front end of an animal.

What are the advantages of cephalization?

Development of a complex neural system, brain and intelligence, clustering of senses, and superior analysis of food sources.

What is metameric segmentation?

The serial repetition of similar body segments along the longitudinal axis of the body.

What is the protoplasmic level of organization?

The bodies consist of single cells or cellular aggregates display the unicellular level of organization.

Define cellular aggregates (colonies)/cellular level of organisation

Consist of loose association of cells that exhibit little interdependence, cooperation or coordination of functions therefore cellular aggregates cannot be considered tissues.

Define Cell-Tissue Organisation

Higher than the cell aggregates. Here similar cells in definite patterns perform similar functions to form a tissue

Define Tissue-Organ level of Organisation

This is the organisation of tissues into organs.

Define Organ-System level of organization

When organs work together to perform same function. It the highest grade of organisation

What is a diploblastic animal?

An animal with body parts organized into two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm.

What is a triploblastic animal?

An animal with tissues derived from three embryonic layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

What is a body cavity (coelom)?

A fluid-filled space in which the internal organs can be suspended and separated from the body wall.

What are acoelomate animals?

Triploblastic animals without a body cavity; the mesodermal region is filled with cells.

What are pseudocoelomate animals?

Triploblastic animals with a false body cavity not completely lined by the mesoderm.

What are coelomate animals?

Triploblastic animals with a mesodermal sheet (peritoneum) completely lining the body cavity.

What does 'Protozoa' mean?

Proto is derieved from the greek word 'proto' meaning first and 'zoa' meaning animal (first animal

On what basis is the subkingdom Protozoa classified into phyla?

Types of nuclei, mode of reproduction, and mechanism of locomotion.

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Sacromastigophora?

Possess flagella or pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding, single type of nucleus, sexual reproduction (usually).

What are the characteristics of the Class Phytomastigophorea?

These are flagellates that possess chloroplasts and carry out mainly autotrophic nutrition; some are heterotrophic.

What are the characteristics of the Class Zoomastigophorea?

These flagellates lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic; some members are important parasites of humans.

What is the method of locomotion for Subphylum Sarcodina?

They use pseudopodia for movement and food gathering; may be naked or with tests.

What is a key characteristic of the phylum Apicomplexa?

The possession of an apical complex associated with anterior end present in some developmental stages.

What are the four traditional protozoa classification based on their locomotory mechanisms

The amoebae, flagellates, sporozoites and the ciliates.

What is the stiff outer membrane of an Amoeba

Plasmalemma

What are the finger-like blunt processes of the cell body of an Amoeba called.

Pseudopodia (lobopodia)

What is the role of contractile vacuoles in protists?

Expulsion of water and osmoregulation.

Name four (4) charateristics of the Phylum Ciliophora.

Possess Cilia for locomotion and for the generation of feeding currents in water, relatively rigid pellicle and a fixed shape, distinct cytostome (Mouth structure) and Dimorphic nuclei, a typical larger macronucleus and one or more smaller micronuclei

What is the definition of the phylum Porifera?

The sponge body is an assemblage of cells embedded in gelatinous matrix and stiffened by a skeleton of minute spicules of calcium or silica or by fibres of collagenous substance called spongin. The sponge body is a network of pores, canals and passageways.

What are the tiny pores called in a sponge?

Ostia

What are the larger openings called in a sponge?

Oscula (sing osculum)

What are the 3 canal systems in sponges?

Asconoid, Syconoid and Leuconoid

What are Choanocytes?

Each collar cell has a flagellums surrounded by a sieve-like collar that acts as a strainer. The flagellum beats to draw water currents into the sponge and then to strain particles through the collar.

What are Pinacocytes?

This forms the outer epithelium and sometimes lines the inner passages. They are thin flat cells

What are Porocytes?

These are the tubular cells that form pores in the asconoid sponges

What are Archaeocytes?

These are the amoeboid cells that move about in mesophyll matrix and receive particles from choanocytes for digestion.

What is the role of Sclerocytes?

Secrete spicules

Name three (3) classes of sponges.

Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongiae

Give three (3) economic importances of Porifera

Act as food, have commensal and are used for scrubbing bathing, polishing, washing walls furnitures etc

Why are Cnidarians called so?

Because they have cells known as cnidocytes, which contain nematocyst (stinging organelle).

What are the two layers that make up Cnidarians?

Ectoderm and Endoderm.

What are the two basic forms of Cnidaria?

Polyp and Medusa.

Name the classes of Cnidarians (Coelenterates)?

Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa.

Give three (3) differences between Hydra and Obelia.

Hydra is a simple, solitary and a freshwater form whereas obelia is a colonial, trimorphic and marine form, Body of Hydra is covered by a soft cuticle while the body of obelia is covered by a n exoskeleton of stiff chitinous perisarc and Hydra’s tentacles are few and hollow while Obelia’s tentacles are many and solid