LAB PRACTICAL AHHH

AH!

What are the seven steps of the scientific method?

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experimentation, Results, Analysis/Conclusion

What is a positive control?

A group that is known to produce a result and confirms the experiment is working properly

What is a negative control?

A group that does not receive the independent variable and should show no response, serving as a comparison.

What is the ocular lens magnification?

10x

What are the three objective lens magnifications are their total magifications?

4x, 10x, 40x and 40x, 100x, 400x

What are the five stages of mitosis?

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Describe prophase

Nuclear membrane fully disappears  

Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at the centromere 

Describe prometaphase

Nuclear membrane fully disappears  

Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at the centromere 

Describe metaphase

Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell (metaphase plate).

Describe anaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell

Describe telophase

Chromatids reach opposite ends

Nuclear membranes reform

Chromosomes start to uncoil

Define the period of time that the cell cycle spends most of its time

Interphase

What are the three phases of interphase

G1, S (synthesis), G2

Define the pH scale

A scale that measures how acidic or basic a solution is based on hydrogen ion concentration

What is the numeric scale of pH

0-14

What # of pH is most acidic?

0

What # of pH is most basic?

14

What are the ions that determine pH

Hydrogen ions (H⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻)

What is a buffer?

A substance that resists changes in pH by neutralizing acids or bases

What does a buffer consist of?

A weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.

What is the period number of Oxygen

Period 2

Where would Human blood be on the pH scale?

7.3 - 7.4

Where would Household ammonia be on the pH scale?

11

Where would Sodium bicarbonate (alka seltzer, milk of magnesia) be on the pH scale?

9

Where would Orange Juice be on the pH scale?

3

Where would Alcohol be on the pH scale?

7

What is the periodic table group number of Oxygen

16

How many outer shell (valence) electrons does Oxygen have

8

Sodium, Sulfur and Chlorine are in the same period. What is the significance of that finding?

They have the same number of electron shells

What trends do we notice since Sodium, Sulfur and Chlorine are in the same period

Atomic size decreases (atoms get smaller)

Electronegativity increases (atoms attract electrons more strongly)

Reactivity changes (metals → nonmetals)

What is the atomic number & protons of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon

O: 8

S: 16

N: 7

H: 1

C: 6

What is the atomic mass # of

O: 16

S: 32

N: 14

H: 1

C: 12

How many valence electrons does

O: 6

N: 5

H: 1

C: 4

What is the skeletal structure of CH4

What is the skeletal structure of CO2

O = C = O

What is the skeletal structure of NH3

What is the skeletal structure of O2

O = O

What is the skeletal structure of Glucose

What is the skeletal structure of Carbs

What is the skeletal structure of a protein (hemoglobin)

What is the skeletal structure of an amino acid (glycine)

Name the 11 basic organ systems

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

What are the five major levels of structural organization found in most animals (simplest to most complex)

Chemical --> cellular --> tissue --> organ --> organ system

Name the end products of digestion

Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids / monoglycerides

What does Lugol's test for + color?

Starch → blue‑black

What does Biuret test for + color

Protein → violet

What does benedicts test for and a + color?

Simple sugars → orange/red

What are the five parts of the cardiovascular system

Heart, blood, arteries, veins, capillaries

What does the heart do?

Pumps blood

What does blood do?

Transports materials

What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from heart

What do veins do?

Return blood to the heart

What do capillaries do?

Exchange materials

Name the four primary constituents of blood

Plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets

What does plasma do?

Liquid transport

What do RBC’s do?

Oxygen transport

What do WBC’s do?

Immune defense

What do platelets do?

Clotting

Aerobic respiration requires

Oxygen

Aerobic respiration produces

ATP, carbon dioxide, and water

Principal metabolic wastes are

CO₂ and H₂O

The primary nitrogenous wastes are

Ammonia, urea, uric acid

The urinary system consists of

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

What are gametes?

Sex cells with half the chromosome number (sperm and egg)

What does fertilization form?

A zygote

What is the formation of gametes called

Gametogenesis

What type of cell division is part of gametogenesis?

Meiosis

Name the major structures of the digestive tract

Mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus