Echocardiography

Apical and Parasternal

What are the 2 cardiac windows?

Parasternal long axis

What view of the heart is this?

Parasternal short axis mid-ventricle

What view of the heart is this?

right ventricle, left ventricle, papillary muscles of the left ventricle

What structures are shown by the parasternal short axis mid ventricular view?

Papillary muscles

What structures are indicated by the red circles?

parasternal short axis mitral valve view

what view is this?

top arrow: anterior leaflet of mitral valve

bottom arrow: posterior leaflet of mitral valve

What structures are indicated by the red arrows?

Parasternal short axis aortic valve view

What view is this?

1. right atrium

2.tricuspid valve

3.right ventricle

4. pulmonic valve

5.pulmonary artery

6. left atrium

red circle: aortic valve

identify the numbered and circled structures

Apical 4 chamber view

what view is this?

toward the bed with patient supine

where is the indicator mark pointed for the 4 chamber view?

1. right ventricle

2. tricuspid valve

3. right atrium

4. left ventricle

5. mitral valve

6. left atrium

identify the numbered structures

5 chamber apical view

what view is this?

the ascending aorta

what additional structure can you see when you achieve the 5 "chamber" view?

apical 2 chamber view

what view is this

the right side

What side of the heart is omitted from the apical two chamber view?

apical 3 chamber view

what view is this?

Subxiphoid view

what view is this?

subxiphoid IVC view

what view is this?

left

which ventricle's function has the following features

right

which ventricle's function has the following features

hyperdynamic LV function

What does >70% EF indicate for LV function?

normal LV function

What does 55-70% EF indicate for LV function?

mildly reduced LV function

What does 45-54% EF indicate for LV function?

moderately reduced LV function

What does 30-44% EF indicate for LV function?

severely reduced LV function

What does <30% EF indicate for LV function?

Fractional Area Change and TAPSE

What are the two methods used to assess RV function?

the longitudinal displacement of the tricuspid valve annulus with systole (relying on M-mode echocardiography)

What does TAPSE measure?

parallel

the imaging plane should be chosen so that ultrasound beam is as ________ to the direction of blood flow as possible

determining pressure gradients across cardiac valves

what is the following equation used for

NO it's just qualitative: it indicated direction towards or away from the probe

Does color flow Doppler tell you the velocity or pressure of blood flow?

early diastolic filling, near the end of the T wave

what does the E wave indicate on pulsed wave Doppler? What EKG feature does it correspond with?

flow from atrium to ventricle during atrial contraction (atrial kick), just after P wave

what does the A wave indicate on pulsed wave Doppler? What EKG feature does it correspond with?

velocity vs time: flow toward probe appears above graph baseline, flow away appears below baseline

What does the quantitive doppler graph indicate? What do the waves show?

pulsed wave doppler, the peaks are hollow

which type of quantitative doppler is this? How can you tell?

continuous wave doppler, the peaks are filled

which type of quantitative doppler is this? How can you tell?

LV, RV, outflow tract, mitral valve, aortic valve, ascending aorta, descending aorta

what structures are seen with parasternal long axis view?

LA, RA, RV, aortic valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery

what structures are seen with parasternal short axis aortic valve view?

LV, RV, mitral valve

what structures are seen with parasternal short axis mitral valve view?

LV, RV, papillary muscles

what structures are seen with parasternal short axis mid-ventricular view?

LV, RV, LA, RA, mitral valve, tricuspid valve

what structures are seen with apical 4 chamber view?

LV, RV, LA, RA, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve

what structures are seen with apical 5 chamber view?

LV, left atrium, mitral valve

what structures are seen with apical 2 chamber view?

LV, RV, outflow tract, mitral valve, aortic valve, ascending aorta, descending aorta

what structures are seen with apical 3 chamber view?

parasternal long axis and apical 3 chamber view

what two views have the same structures?

PSAX-aortic, A5C, A3C

in what views can you see the aortic valve

A4C, A5C, A2C, A3C

views where you can see the mitral valve

A4C, A5C, PSAX-AV view

views where you can see the tricuspid valve

PSAX-AV

optimal views to see the Pulmonic Valve