FUNPROG | Week 2-5 | PRELIMS

Computer

is an electronic device that stores and processes data.

Program

It is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer what operations to perform on data.

Computer Programs

known as software, are instructions that tell a computer what to do.

Machine Language

A computer’s native language, which differs among different types of computers, a set of built-in primitive instructions.

Assembly Language

uses a short descriptive word, known as a mnemonic, to represent each of the machine-language instructions.

Assembler

is used to translate assembly-language programs into machine code.

Mnemonic

a symbolic name used in assembly language to represent an instruction or operation.

High-level Language

they are platform-independent, which means that you can write a program in a high-level language and run it in different types of machines.

Statements

the instructions in a high-level programming language.

Source Program

A program written in a high-level language.

Interpreter

reads one statement from the source code, translates it to the machine code or virtual machine code, and then executes it right away.

Compiler

translates the entire source program into a machine-language file for execution.

Bjarne Stroustrup

the computer scientist who created the C++ programming language in the early 1980s.

Problem Solving Phase

make an ordered sequence of steps that solves a problem.

Implementation Phase

implement using a programming language.

Algorithm

is a procedure or set of guidelines that must be followed to finish a specific task.

Pseudocode

is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms.

Flowchart

is a diagram that depicts the “flow” of a program.

Terminals

represented by rounded rectangles; indicate a starting or ending point.

Input/Output

represented by parallelograms; indicate an input or output operation.

Processes

represented by rectangles; indicates a process such as a mathematical computation or variable assignment.

Decision Symbol

condition function answerable by either true or false where in one must be chosen.

Module

subroutine that contains the function of the flowchart.

On-page Connector

indicates that the process is continued.

Off-page Connector

where the matching off-page connector is placed.

Flow Lines

point where the next step is or the flow of directions.

Sequence Structure

a series of actions are performed in sequence.

Decision Structure

chooses between different paths based on a condition.

Repetition Structure

repeats steps until a condition is met.

Case Structure

chooses between different paths based on the user’s decision.

int main()

the function where program execution begins.

Object Program

the machine language version of the high-level language program.

Linker

A program that combines the object program with other programs in the library and is used in the program to create the executable code.

Loader

a program that loads an executable program into main memory.

#include <iostream>

it instructs the pre-processor to include the header file iostream in the program.

Namespaces

used to avoid naming conflicts.

Return 0;

terminates main() function and causes it to return the value 0 to the calling process.

Stream Extraction Operator

‘>>’

Stream Insertion Operator

‘<<’

Identifier

is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module, or any other user-defined item.

Comments

are explanatory statements that you can include in the C++ code that you write and helps anyone reading its source code.

Variable

provides us with named storage that our programs can manipulate.

Local Variables

variables that are declared inside a function or block.

Global Variables

are defined outside of all the functions, usually on top of the program.

Operator

is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.

4

in the division 4 % 6, the quotient is 0 and the remainder is __.

Mixed Expression

An expression that has operands of different data types (can obtain both integral and decimal numbers).

Float

int + float = ______.

Order of Precedence

When more than one arithmetic operator is used in an expression, C++ uses the operator precedence rules to evaluate the expression.

Operands

numbers appearing in the expression.

Unary Operators

an operator that has only one operand.

Binary Operators

an operator that has two operands.

Increment Operator

Increases the value of a variable by 1.

Decrement Operator

Decreases the value of a variable by 1.

Prefix Form

The variable is incremented or decremented first, and then the new value is used in the expression.

Postfix Form

The current value of the variable is used in the expression first, and then the variable is incremented or decremented.