AP Euro 3-5

English Civil War

-Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; fought between Parliamentary forces and those loyal to Charles I
-Charles I forced to sign the Petition of Right, 1628 (challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land); executed in 1649 -Oliver Cromwell led the parliamentary army then established a Puritanical military dictatorship

Thomas Hobbes

-Political theorist advocating absolute monarchy based on his concept of an anarchic state of nature. -English father of modern political philosophy, who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of humans - wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society -thought that all people should have equal rights and nobody should have more power over anyone else (except the king)

Glorious Rev

-the bloodless coup in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands)

- both Protestants

- replaced James II to reign jointly.

-signed the English Bill of Rights (1689): guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently; supported a limited monarchy, in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people

-Constitutionalism: Basic principle that government and those who govern must obey the law; the rule of law

John Locke

-Wrote "Two Treatises of Government". Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property; advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.
-opposed the Divine Right of Kings

18th c Agri Rev

-unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labor and land productivity between the mid-17th & late 19th centuries.
-crop rotation: practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
-Robert Bakewell: pioneer in the field of selective animal breeding. He bred animals for certain characteristics
-Enclusures: process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century
-Jethro Tull: English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen, developed the seed drill.

Cottage Industry/ Putting out system

-A system of textile manufacturing in which laborers (rural proletariat or urban migrants) worked in homes or workshops through merchant intermediaries or workshop owners; marginalized guilds hold over production

Louis XIV, France (1638-1715)

-king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (used palace to exert political control; housed 1000's of important people= nobility grew dependent upon King)
-epitomized Absolutism in Europe; expanded role of Intendants (bureaucrats that reported directly to the king)
-Cardinal Mazarin: Chief minister and regent to Louis XIV; tried to continue Richelieu's centralizing policies, but his attempts to increase royal revenue led to the civil wars known as the Fronde; He could not control nobility as Richelieu had.

peter the great

-king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (used palace to exert political control; housed 1000's of important people= nobility grew dependent upon King)
-epitomized Absolutism in Europe; expanded role of Intendants (bureaucrats that reported directly to the king)
-Cardinal Mazarin: Chief minister and regent to Louis XIV; tried to continue Richelieu's centralizing policies, but his attempts to increase royal revenue led to the civil wars known as the Fronde; He could not control nobility as Richelieu had.

Catherin the Great

-German born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule;maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry, entrenching serfdom
-continued Peter's Westernization of Russia & economic development, created a new law code, greatly expanded Russia; influenced by French philosophes; promoted education and the Enlightenment among the elite

Enlightenment

-Philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Voltaire (1694-1778)

-French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government; spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
-was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment; attacked injustice and intolerance.

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

-British feminist of the 18th century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting & education, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."
-opposed Rousseau's view of women

Montesquieu (1689-1755)

-wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (checks & balances)

Rousseau (1712-1778)

-Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social Contract."
-championed the "General Will": concept in political philosophy referring to the desire or interest of a people as a whole.

Adam Smith

-political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand"

French Revolution

(1789-1799)

-Reacting to the oppressive Old Regime (the period of time in France under the rule of the monarchy when society was sharply divided into three estates and the majority of the people lived with few rights in poverty), the French middle and lower classes overthrew the king (executing him) and asserted power for themselves in a violent and bloody revolution.
-National Assembly: congress established by the Third Estate to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people
-Declaration of the Rights of Man & the Citizen: (1789) outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens, except women
-Olympe de Gouges: demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen" (1791)
-Constitution of 1791: created by the French Revolution that had a limited monarchy; didn't go far enough
-uprising was inspired by America's independence from England and the Enlightenment ideas.
-Thermidorian Reaction: against the radicalism of the French Revolution; associated with the end of the Reign of Terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie, conservative power in the Directory.

King Louis XVI

(1754-93)

-the last king of France (1774-92) in the line of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution of 1789; monarchy was abolished on Sept. 21, 1792; later Louis and his queen consort, Marie-Antoinette, were guillotined on charges of counterrevolution.

Maximilien Robespierre

-served in the National Assembly, called for universal male suffrage and the abolition of capital punishment and slavery in the colonies; wished to create a new deistic civic religion; single handily cause the radical phase of the Revolution
-leader of the Committee of Public Safety: set up to defeat all enemies of the revolution; instigated the Reign of Terror (thousands were executed for "disloyalty")
-implemented a levee en masse: conscripting all males into the army; mass participation and a fully mobilized economy (Total War?)Congress of Vienna (1815)

Congress of Vienna (1815)

1. Enacted a settlement that was acceptable to both the victors and to France
2. Created a balance of power that lasted until the unification of German in 1871
3. Underestimated the forces of liberalism and nationalism
4. Used the principle of legitimacy to restore the Bourbons to the French throne
5. United Belgium with the Netherlands to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands
6. Created a loose confederation of 39 German stated dominated by Austria
-Klemens von Metternich: Foreign Minister of Austria; he had the most influence at the Congress of Vienna.