a&p II- vessels and lymphatics

what are the 3 layers of vessels starting from the innermost layer

1. tunica intima

2. tunica media

3. tunica externa

Between arteries and veins, which has a smaller diameter and thicker walls?

arteries

(arteries/veins) contain valves

veins

the sphincter that is at the beginning of a meta-arteriole that can constrict to decrease blood flow to certain areas is called

precapillary sphincter

the shortcut in a capillary that goes straight into a venule is called

arteriovenous anistomosis

what are the 3 types of capillaries

1. continuous (no holes)

2. fenestrated (small holes)

3. sinusoid ( big gaps between cells)

there are 2 specialized continuous capillaries and they are:

1. blood brain barrier

2. blood thymus barrier

kidneys and the GI tract contain which type of capillary

fenestrated capillaries (small holes)

bone marrow, the liver, and the spleen all contain which type of capillary

sinusoid capillary

angiogenesis can occur in hypoxic environments and can be stimulated by ____

VEGF

(veins/arteries) have higher blood pressure

arteries

most of the volume of blood in the body is held in (arteries/veins)

veins

where is blood pressure taken and what is it measuring

brachial artery

arterial pressure

blood pressure is ______/______

systole/diastole

120/80

what are the 4 things that can influence peripheral resistance

1. vessel length (increase length=increase resist.)

2. vessel diameter (decreased diameter= increase r)

3. blood viscosity (increased viscosity=increase r)

4. turbulence (increase turbulence= increase r)

what is the general trend for vessel diameter as you move toward capillaries

capillaries have the smallest diameter

as cross sectional area in the vessels increases, blood velocity _____

-what vessel type has the highest cross sectional area

decreases

(more area to move through = slower)

--capillaries

how can you measure pulse pressure

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

120-80=40

how can you measure mean arterial pressure (MAP)

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

what is the trend of stretching for arteries during systole and diastole

-arteries stretch during systole (lots of blood coming through)

-arteries recoil during diastole and push blood down

what is the name of the tool used to measure blood pressure

sphigmomonameter

what are the two pump types that help venous return

1. muscular pump (skeletal muscles tense and press on veins)

2. respiratory pump (pressure changes in the thorax)

what is the difference between filtration and reabsorption

filtration: blood going out into the tissues (on arterial side of capillary)

reabsorption: blood coming back into the vessel (on vein side of capillary)

what is capillary hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure

CHP: high pressure inside the vessel on the artery side of the capillary that PUSHES blood out into the tissues for filtration and low pressure inside the vessel on the vein side of the capillary that PULLS blood back into the tissues for reabsorption

BCOP: higher than the vessels osmotic pressure which causes reabsorption

net filtration pressure equation

NFP= capillary hydrostatic pressure - blood osmotic pressure (positive number = filtration, negative number= reabsorption)

vasodilation and vasoconstriction help regulate amounts of blood going to certain organs. 3 factors that cause vasodilation are

1. nitric oxide

2. low oxygen

3. low pH

ADH and angiotensin II do what to blood pressure

increase it

ANP and BNP

-where are they secreted from

-what do they do

Secreted from atria (ANP) and ventricles (BNP) in response to ↑ blood volume

-they will decrease blood pressure

during hemorrhaging, the entire cardiovascular system will work together to do what two things

maintain blood pressure

restore blood volume

Do mom and baby's blood mix?

no

what acts as the baby's lungs when inside the womb

the placenta

-arteries and veins are flipped, just like in the pulmonary circuit (veins carry oxygenated blood, arteries carry deoxygenated blood)

what are the two special features of a baby's blood supply system that avoid the lungs

foramen ovale (closes at birth to form the fossa ovalis)

ductus arteriosis

lymphatic vessels are most similar to (arteries / veins)

veins

what are the 3 key functions of the lymphatic system

1. remove excess fluid

2. immune surveillance

3. absorb and move lipids

the accumulation of excess fluid in tissues is called

adema

lymphocytes help in (innate/adaptive) immunity by identifying, attacking, and developing immunity to a specific pathogen

adaptive

which organ is the graveyard for RBC's while also containing B and T cells

spleen

which side of the body drains more lymph into its duct

left side of the body

the (red/white) pulp in the spleen is the lymphoid tissue

white

in the intestine ______ sense bacteria and foreign things

MALTS

where are t cells trained

thymus

the way that the endothelial cells are arranged in lymphatic capillaries allow _____

passage IN but not OUT

a special lymph capillary in the small intestine that transports lipids is called

lacteal

the lymphatic duct for the right side of the body is called the ______

the lymphatic duct for the left side of the body is called the ____ and is located ____

right lymphatic duct

thoracic duct @ left subclavian

the expanded region of the thoracic supply that collects lipids from the GI tract is called the

cisterna chyli

most of the circulating lymphocytes are _____ cells. what are the 4 types

T cells

1. cytotoxic T cells

2. memory T cells

3. t helper cells

4. Supressor T cells

the T cell that is responsible for cell to cell combat is called the ____ cell and has what kind of marker

cytotoxic T cell

-CD8 marker

the T cell that helps stimulate the function of T and B cells is called the _____ and has which marker

T helper cell

CD4 marker

what type of lymphocyte makes antibodies and what is the name of its active form

B cell

-plasma cell

the target of NK cells is

bad self

(cancer, virally infected cells)

what kind of tissue is found in lympnodes

reticular tissue

there are many (afferent/efferent) vessels going into a lymph node and only one of the other

many afferent (coming in)

one efferent (going out)

the thymus (increases/decreases) with age

decreases

the two types of protein markers on body cells are ____ and _____. explain each

MHC-1: on all nucleated cells, self

MHC-2: on antigen presenting cells, foreign

the first type of immunity that occurs is (innate/adaptive)

innate

which type of immunity are you born with and is nonspecific and fast acting

innate

innate immunity helps protect the body through what 2 types of barriers

1. cutaneous membrane

2. mucous membranes

an important enzyme in tears, mucous, sweat, and saliva that will break down intruders in innate immunity is called

lysozyme

resident macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells are all part of which type of immunity

innate

the inflammatory response to infection recruits more phagocytes through blood vessels to the scene. this is part of which type of immunity

innate

______ helps initiate fever by increasing the body's temperature to increase metabolic activity and thus kick ithe immune system into gear. this occurs in what type of immunity

pyrogens

-innate

which immunity type requires activation and is slower to respond, with specific targets

adaptive immunity

T and B cells are part of the _____ immunity

adaptive (specific)

T-cells are responsible for __________ immunity.

cell mediated

T helper cells have ____ cell marker on them that bind to _______ on ____ cells

CD4 cell surface marker

-binds to MCH-II on antigen presenting cells

Cytotoxic T cells have _____ cell marker on them that bind to _____ on ____ cells

CD8 cell surface marker

-binds to MCH-I on regular cells that are displaying a viral antigen instead of their self antigen

Humoral immunity is done by ___ cells

B cells (antibodies)

what are the 5 types of antibodies

IG...

A

E

D

G

M

all of the types of antibodies are a monomer except for _____ which is a pentomer and _____ which is a dimer

igM is a pentomer

igA is a dimer

what is the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response

release heparin and histamine that cause vasodilation and increase vascular permeability for neutrophils and macrophages to come help

what are the 4 classical signs of inflammation and their weird name that goes with them

1. pain: dolor

2. redness: rubor

3. Heat: calor

4. swelling: tumor

macrophages recruit neutrophils through ________

positive chemotaxis

PAMP - what is that and what is it detected by

pathogen associated molecular pattern on the surface of pathogens that are detected by the Pattern recognition receptors (toll-like) on macrophages

DAMP - what is that and what is it detected by

Damage associated molecular pattern

-on cells that show cell damage or death that is detected by toll-like receptors

what is a PAMP that is expressed on gram positive cells

LPS- lipopolysaccharide

the name of resident macrophages in the liver are called

Kupffer cells

NK cells release ____ and ____ which cause cell apoptosis

1. perforins

2. granzyme

what is the name of the thing expressed by self cells that warns the other cells around it

interferons (innate immunity)

the complement cascade involves what 3 things

1. inflammatory response

2. opsonization (tag foreign cells for increased phagocytosis)

3. lysis of foreign cells through membrane attack complex

to induce fever, macrophages release pyrogens which contain _____ that travel to the hypothalamus

IL1- interleukin 1

antigen presenting cells eat the bad thing and display it as _____. They then travel to the lymphatic tissue and show it to _____ cells which divide and alert cytotoxic t cells and B cells

-MHC II

-T helper cells (CD4)

Costimulation of T cells is what

"are you sure" double checking safety mechanism

give examples of naturally acquired and artificially acquired active and passive immunity

ACTIVE: antibodies are made by YOU

-naturally acquired: exposure to pathogen by environment

-artificially acquired: exposure to pathogen by vaccine

PASSIVE: antibodies made by SOMEONE ELSE

-naturally acquired: passed down from mother to baby

-artificially acquired: injection from someone else

Structure of antibodies

- contain two heavy chains and two light chains

- have constant region

-variable region at tips of light and heavy chains

-antigen binding site is at variable region

antibodies bind to antigenic determinant sites called _____ on the antigen

epitopes

the most abundant antibody type that can be passed down in the placenta is

ig G

the antibody type involved in the allergic response is

ig E

the antibody type that is on the surface of B cells is

ig D

the antibody that is the first to be secreted is

ig M

the antibody found in mucous membranes, tears, saliva, lactation and other secretions is

ig A