Hybridization & Bonding

Orbital Hybridization

the mixing of atomic orbitals (s,p,d,f) to form special orbitals during bond formation

sp

two bonds

sp²

three bonds

sp³

four bonds

sp³d

5 bonds

We determine hybridization by

counting the bonds to an atom

Hybridization happens for

each singular atom

Lone pairs on the central atom

the hybrid orbitals fully filled (spin up and spin down)

To draw hybridization

draw the valence electrons for the atom first, the hybridize based on bonds

Sigma Bonds

head on electron overlap

Pi Bonds

side to side electron bonding

Hybridized Orbitals follow

Hunds, Aufbau, & Pali’s laws

In a triple bond

there is 1 sigma bond and 2

pi bonds

In a single bond

there is only 1 sigma bond, no pi bonds

In a double bond

there is 1 sigma bond and 1

pi bond

triple and double bonds

count as one singular electron group

Sigma bonds are stronger than bonds because

head on is stronger than overlapping

which is stronger C-C or C-_C?

the double bonded carbon

Pi bonds are

unhybdridized to unhybridized

Sigma bonds are

hybridized to hybridized