Exam 2 IBI

experiment

procedure to test a hypothesis or make a discovery. Should hold its ground under questioning

4 things an experiment needs

discrimination, replication, controls, proper measurement

discrimination

can clearly tell the difference between hypotheses

replication

experiments should be repeated multiple times 

positive controls

should have results to show the procedure works

negative controls

eliminate confounding variables. should have no result

measurement

can be accurate and precise

steps of sci method

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, collect data, analyze and conclusion

what 3 things should the sci method include

replication of results, external peer review to determine if experiment is valid, and data recording and sharing

assay

reliable experiment for testing presence of functional activity of a target entity

what determines function of a protein

structure

primary structure

amino acid sequence bound by peptide bonds and coded in genes

secondary structure

caused by formation of H bonds between amine H and carboxyl O. creates alpha helices of beta sheets

tertiary structure

3D folding of a polypeptide based on surroundings and R groups

quaternary structure

arrangement of multiple polypeptides

environmental factors that affect protein folding

temperature and pH

temperature effect on protein folding

High temperatures weaken H bonds which can lead to denaturing

pH effect on protein folding

alter charges of side groups which can weaken or break ionic bonds

enzyme

protein with catalytic activity that speeds up the rate of a reaction

how do enzymes work

bond to substrates and induce bond rearrangement

what determines substrate binding

shape of the enzyme (structures) and amino acid composition

amylase

enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of starch into simpler sugars

3 categories of amylase and what they produce

alpha (maltose) beta (maltose) gamma (glucose) (maltose is a disaccharide)

where is alpha amylase found

animals plants and microbes. salivary glands and pancreas

where is beta amylase found

plants and microbes. seeds and fruit

where is gamma amylase found

animals and microbes. small intestine

spectrophotometry

method for determining concentration of solutes based on absorbance

beers law

absorbance is directly proportional to solute concentration

why is iodine used

starch forms a complex with iodine that absorbs light at 620nm

what mass percent do proteins make in cells

50%

what are the different type of amino acids

polar, non-polar, and charged

when do enzymes reach Vmax

when all of the enzymes are saturated

what is Km

substrate concentration when Vi = ½ Vmax

what is lugol’s solution

iodine indicator that forms a blue/purple complex with starch

how to calculate reaction rate

½ mg starch / time at ½ abs

factors that affect enzyme reaction rate

changes in temperature, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, or pH

termite origin

termes which is Latin for woodworm

termites role in environment

break down and recycle dead wood and act as a food source

castes

functional groups of a termite colony that does not include immature nymphs

3 groups in termite colony

workers, soldiers and reproductives

who produces new termites in a colony

king and queen

what are reproductives called

alates or swarmers. Have wings and go out to become new kings and queens and lose their wings 

worker termites

wingless, sterile, and blind. look after eggs and nymphs, build, forage, and feed

soldier termites

wingless, sterile, and blind. defend the colony from ants

how do termites communicate

pheromones. 2-phenoxyethanol

genus species for the termite

Reticulitermes flavipes

science

way of knowing that relies on empiricism. over time it becomes less wrong

pseudoscience

non-scientific ideas that disguise themselves in the language of science

parsimony

explanations that rely on less speculations or improbable events are likely to be true