MG116 Study Guide
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79 Terms
What are the 4 system components of an organization?
Task - organization’s mission, purpose, or goal for existing
People - the human resources of the organization
Technology: tools, knowledge, and techniques used to transform inputs into outputs
Structure: the systems of communication, authority and roles, and workflow
What is Motivation I?
Refers to the intrinsic factors that drive individuals to perform tasks and achieve goals within an organization, such as personal fulfillment and satisfaction.
What is an example of Motivation I?
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
What is Motivation II?
Refers to the extrinsic factors that influence an individual's performance and behavior in an organization, such as rewards, recognition, and incentives.
How do managers motivate their employees?
Managers motivate their employees by leveraging both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including providing meaningful work, recognizing achievements, and offering incentives that align with individual goals.
What are the 5 categories of need in Maslow’s hierarchy?
Physiological, Safety and Security, Love/Belonging, Esteem, and Self-Actualization
What is a distinguishing feature of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Progression thesis, which suggests as one level of need is met, a person progresses to the next higher level of need as a source of motivation.
What level of ungratified needs motivates behavior?
The lowest unmet need in Maslow's hierarchy, as individuals strive to fulfill these needs before addressing higher levels.
What are the two theories of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X assumes that employees are inherently lazy, while Theory Y assumes that employees are self-motivated and seek responsibility.
What is Theory X?
Assumptions are appropriate for employees motivated by lower-order needs: physiological and safety needs
What is Theory Y?
Assumptions apply to employees motivated by higher-order needs: social, esteem, and self-actualization
What is the ERG theory of motivation?
A theory that categorizes human needs into three groups: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth, suggesting that these needs can be pursued simultaneously.
What is Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory?
A theory that proposes job satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two distinct sets of factors: hygiene factors and motivators, influencing employee motivation and performance.
What are hygiene factors?
Elements that can cause job dissatisfaction if missing but do not necessarily motivate if present, such as salary, company policies, and work conditions.
What are motivation factors?
Factors that lead to job satisfaction, including achievement, recognition, and the nature of the work itself.
What is goal setting?
Process of establishing desired results that guide and direct behavior
What do goals do?
They often increase employee effort and motivation, which in turn improve task performance
What does goal setting reduce?
Role of stress associated with conflicting and confusing expectations because it clarifies task-role expectations for employees
What is the third major function of goal setting?
Improving accuracy and validity of performance evaluation
What is Management by Objectives (MBO)?
Provides a practical framework for aligning individual and organizational goals, enhancing performance, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement
What is a group?
Formed when two or more people have common interests, objectives, and continuing interaction; emphasize individual leadership, person accountability, and exclusive work products
What is a work team?
Group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common mission; emphasize shared leadership, mutual accountability, and collective work products
What is social loafing?
Occurs when one group member comes to rely on efforts of other group members and fails to contribute their own time, effort, thoughts, or other resources to a group
What are the 5 stages of Tuckman’s Model of Group Development?
Forming – little agreement, unclear purpose, guidance and direction
Storming – conflict, increased clarity of purpose, power struggles, coaching
Norming – agreement and consensus, clear roles and responsibilities, facilitation
Performing – clear vision and purpose, focus on goal achievement, delegation
Adjourning – task completion, good feeling about achievements, recognition
What is Nominal Group Technique (NGT)?
Structured approach to decision making that focuses on generating alternatives and choosing one; good technique to use when group members fear criticism is allowed
What are the steps of NGT?
individuals silently list their ideas
ideas are written on a chart one at a time until all ideas are listed
discussion is permitted but only to clarify the ideas; no criticism allowed
a written vote is taken
What is the Leadership Process?
Involves (1) setting a direction for organization, (2) aligning people with that direction through communication, and (3) motivating people to action, partly through empowerment and partly through basic need gratification
What are the 3 Inspirational Leadership Theories?
Transformational leadership, Charismatic leadership, and Authentic leadership
What is Transformational leadership?
leaders who inspire and excite followers to high levels of performance; rely on personal attributes to manage followers
What are the 4 subdimensions of Transformational leadership?
charisma, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, and intellectual stimulation
Who is an example of a Transformational leadership?
Howard Schultz, founder and chair of Starbucks Coffee; is transformational leader and visionary heart of Starbucks
What is Charismatic leadership?
Leader uses force of personal abilities and talents to have profound and extraordinary effects on followers; falls to those who are chosen or who cultivate that gift
Who is an example of a Charismatic leader?
Steve Jobs, pioneer behind Apple; ability was so powerful Apple employees coined term in 1980s for it: reality-distortion field which is used to describe persuasive ability and peculiar charisma of managers like Jobs
Bill Clinton and Ronald Reagan
What is Authentic leadership?
arouse and motivate followers to higher levels of performance by building workforce characterized by high levels of hope, optimism, resiliency, and self-efficacy; leaders are self-aware, confident, optimistic, and resilient and have deep sense of self and act as role models to others by conveying what they believe and stand for
Who is an example of an Authentic leader?
Gandhi, Nelson Mandela
What can ethical leadership be a powerful antidote for?
For toughest problems for managers, contributing to group ethical voice and to positive ethical performance
What can ethical theories help us do?
Ethical theories can help us understand, evaluate, and classify moral arguments, make decisions, and defend conclusions about what is right and wrong
What are the 3 types of ethical theories?
Consequential, rule based, or character
What is a Consequential theory?
An ethical theory that emphasizes consequences or results of behavior
What is a Rule-Based theory?
An ethical theory that emphasizes character of act itself rather than its effects
What is a Character theory?
An ethical theory that emphasizes the character, personal virtues, and intent of the individual
What is Social Responsibility?
Corporate social responsibility is an organization’s obligation to behave ethically in its social environment
What are the 5 ways leaders reinforce organizational culture?
What leaders pay attention to, how leaders react to crises, how leaders behave, how leaders allocate rewards, and how leaders hire and fire individuals
What Leaders Pay Attention To
Leaders in an organization communicate their priorities, values, and beliefs through themes that consistently emerge from their focus; themes are reflected in what they notice, comment on, measure, and control; if leaders are consistent in their focus, employees receive clear signals about what is important in the organization
How Leaders React to Crises
Communicates powerful message about culture, and emotions are heightened, and learning is intense; difficult economic times present crises for many companies and illustrate their different values; employees may perceive that company shows true colors in a crisis and thus pay careful attention to reactions of their leaders
How Leaders Behave
Through role modeling, teaching, and coaching, leaders reinforce values that support organizational culture; employees often emulate leaders’ behavior and look to leaders for cues to appropriate behavior; employees observe behavior of leaders to find out what organization values
How Leaders Allocate Rewards
To ensure values are accepted, leaders should reward behavior that is consistent with the values; some companies may use pay-for-performance system that distributes rewards on basis of performance and others may claim to value teamwork
How Leaders Hire and Fire Individuals
Typical perception-shaping mechanisms are organizational values, policies, awards, and goals; leaders shape and communicate culture by way they hire employees; the way company fires an employee and rationale behind firing also communicates culture
Reward Power
Power based on an agent’s ability to control rewards that a target wants like salary increases, bonuses, and promotions; can lead to better performance only if employee sees clear and strong link between performance and rewards
Noise
Anything which interferes with the transmission or understanding of a message
What are examples of environmental noise?
Noisy conditions, physical distance
What are examples of noise within the sender?
Lack of clarity, poor handwriting, accent
What are examples of noise within the receiver?
Lack of perception, physical/mental disability, distracted
What are basic communication problems?
Physical separation (employees in different geographic locations or buildings), status differences (related to the organizational hierarchy), gender differences, cultural diversity and language
What are the different intrapersonal conflicts?
Interrole conflict, intrarole conflict, and person-role conflict
What is interrole conflict?
Occurs when person experiences conflict among multiple roles in his or her life; one common conflict is work-home conflict where their role as worker clashes with their role as spouse/parent
What is intrarole conflict?
Conflict within a single role; often arises when a person receives conflicting messages from role senders about how to perform a certain role
What is person-role conflict?
Occurs when individual in particular role is expected to perform behaviors that clash with their personal values
What are the 3 types of defense mechanisms?
Fixation, displacement, and negativism
What is fixation?
Individual fixates on conflict or keeps up a dysfunctional behavior that obviously will not solve conflict
What is displacement?
Directing anger towards someone who is not the source of the conflict
What is negativism?
Person responds with pessimism to any attempt at solving a problem
What are the 5 styles of conflict management?
Competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating
What is the avoiding style of conflict management?
Deliberate decision to take no action towards a conflict or to stay out of a conflict situation; is a style low on assertiveness and cooperativeness
What is the accommodating style of conflict management?
Style where you are concerned that other party’s goals be met but relatively unconcerned with getting your own way; is cooperative but unassertive
What is the competing style of conflict management?
Style where you want to satisfy your own interests and are willing to do so at the other party’s expense; is very assertive and uncooperative
What is the compromising style of conflict management?
Style where each party must give up something to reach a solution to the conflict; is intermediate in assertiveness and cooperativeness
What is the collaborating style of conflict management?
Style where working toward it involves an open and thorough discussion of conflict and arriving at solution that is satisfactory for both parties; is high on assertiveness and cooperativeness
What is the first approach to changing existing culture?
Helping current members buy into a new set of values (steps 1, 2, and 3)
Step 1: change behavior in organization
Step 2: examine justifications for the changed behavior
Step 3: cultural communication
What is the second approach to changing existing culture?
Adding newcomers and socializing them into the organization while removing current members as appropriate
Steps 4 and 5: shaping workforce to fit intended culture
What 3 cultural modifications do managers want to focus on?
support for a global view of business, reinforcement of ethical behavior, and empowerment of employees to excel in product and service quality
What are the Big 5?
Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience
What characteristics does an extraversion person have?
Person is gregarious, assertive, and sociable
What characteristics does an agreeable person have?
Person is cooperative, warm, and agreeable
What characteristics does a conscientious person have?
Person is hardworking, organized, and dependable
What characteristics does an emotionally stable person have?
Person is calm, self-confident, and cool
What characteristics does a person with openness to experience have?
Person is creative, curious, and cultured
What is active gene expression?
Individuals actively select environments that suit their genetic tendencies; e.g. an athletic person joining a sports team
What is passive gene expression?
Parents pass on both genes and environmental factors to their children, creating a correlation between genotype and environment; e.g. child of musically inclined parents growing up in a house with lots of music exposure