Introduction to anatomy and physiology

What is anatomy?

The study of structure

What is physiology?

Study of function

Anatomical position definition

description of any region or part of the body in a specific stance

Describe what the body is doing in the anatomic position?

The body is upright directly facing the observer, the feet are flat and facing the observer. The upper limbs are at the body's sides with the palms facing forward.

Anterior

front of body

posterior

back of body

supine

body lying facing up

prone

body lying facing down

medial

towards the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

proximal

toward the reference point (extremity)

distal

away from the reference point (extremity)

Inferior

lower to below

superior

upper or above

celephalad or cranial

head

caudal or ciudad

tail, tail end

dorsal

posterior

ventral

anterior

saggital

divides body into left and right

transversal or horizontal

divides the body into superior and inferior parts (upper and below)

frontal or coronal

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)

What is physiology?

- The study of how living animals and plants function.

- Is an integrated science

- There are fundamental concepts for understanding physiological processes that distinguish animals from plants

- It attempts to bring together everything known about an animals function to create an integrated picture of how that animal operates in its environment

What are the 4 major types of cells?

- neurons

- muscle cells

- epithelial cells

- connective tissue cells

What do neutrons do?

transmit information by electrical signals

3 categories of neutrons

- afferent neuron

- efferent neuron

- interneuron

3 muscle cells

- skeletal muscle

- smooth muscle

- cardiac muscle

Epithelial cells

- vary in shape

- cells joined together to form a barrier. Allows restricted passage of material

- some transport specific material

> H+ ions into lumen of the stomach

Where are epithelial cells found?

Where body fluids must be separated from the external environment lining

- lungs

- stomach

- intestines

- reproductive tract

What are connective tissues in most cases?

Widely scattered cells embedded in a mass of noncellular material- the extracellular matrix (contains a dense meshwork of proteins and other large molecules)

What are connective tissues in a broader sense?

- Emcompass fluids e.g.

> blood

> lymph

- Connects the various parts of the body by providing means of communication

What does the term tissues and organs refer to?

Any of the materials of which the body is composed. Any collection of cell performing similar functions

How is an organ formed?

When two or more tissues combine to make up structures that perform particular functions

What are organ systems?

Collections of organs that work together to perform certain functions

Name the 10 organ systems of the human body

- Endocrine

- Nervous

- Musculoskeletal

- Cardiovascular

- Respiratory

- Urinary

- Gastrointestinal

- Reproductive

- Immune

- Integumentary

Function of the endocrine system

Communication between cells of the body through release of hormones

What organs and tissues make up the endocrine system?

- Hypothalamus

- Pituitary gland

- Adrenal gland

- Thyroid gland

- Parathyroid gland

- Thymus

- Pancreas

Function of the nervous system

Communication between cells of the body electrical signals and release of neurotransmitters

What organs and tissues make up of the nervous system?

- Brain

- Spinal cord

- Peripheral nerves

Function of the musculoskeletal system

Support and movement

What organs and tissues make up the musculoskeletal system?

- skeletal muscle

- bones

- tendons

- ligaments

Function of the cardiovascular system

Transport of molecules

What organs and tissues make up the cardiovascular system?

- heart

- blood vessels

- blood

Function of the respiratory system

Delivery of oxygen and removal of CO2.

What organs and tissues make up the respiratory system?

- lungs

-pharynx

- trachea

- bronchi

Functions of urinary system

- filter blood

- regulate acidity, blood volume and ion concentrations

- waste elimination

What organs and tissues make up the respiratory system?

- kidneys

- urethra

- bladder

Function of the gastrointestinal system

Breakdown of food, metabolism, elimination

What are the organs and tissues that make up the gastrointestinal system?

- mouth

- oesophagus

- stomach

- small intestine

- large intestine

- gall bladder

Function of the reproductive system

procreation

What are the organs and tissues that make up the reproductive system?

Gonads

Reproductive tracts

glands

Function of the immune system

Defence against pathogens and abnormal cells

What organs and tissues make up the immune system?

- White blood cells

-thymus

- lymph nodes

- spleen

- tonsils

- adenoids

Function of integumentary system

Protection, regulation and sensory

What organs and tissues make up the integumentary system?

skin