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Absolutism

A political system in which a single ruler or authority has complete control over the government and the lives of the people.

Capitalism

An economic system where the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasizes the importance of accumulating wealth through trade and maintaining a favorable balance of trade.

Ottoman

Referring to the Ottoman Empire, a vast empire that lasted from the 14th century until the early 20th century, known for its cultural achievements and military conquests.

Safavid

A significant dynasty in Persia known for establishing Shia Islam as the state religion and its cultural and artistic achievements.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.

Spanish Armada 1588

A massive naval fleet sent by Spain to invade England, ultimately defeated by the English navy, marking a turning point in European naval power.

Thirty-Year War

A conflict in Europe from 1618 to 1648 that involved various nations and was primarily fought over religious and territorial disputes.

Peace of Westphalia

A series of treaties that concluded the Thirty-Year War in 1648, establishing the principles of national sovereignty and international relations.

Peter the Great

Tsar of Russia who is known for modernizing Russia and its military, and for expanding its territory in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

John Locke

An English philosopher whose ideas on government and social contract influenced the development of modern democracy.

Adam Smith

An economist known as the father of capitalism, author of 'The Wealth of Nations', advocating for free markets and competition.

De Gama

Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer who was the first to reach India by sea, opening up the sea route for trade.

Zheng He

A Chinese explorer and diplomat who led maritime voyages during the early Ming Dynasty, known for his seven voyages of exploration.

Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer known for leading the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe.

Reformation

A movement in the 16th century that aimed to reform the Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of Protestant churches.

Pope Leo X

A pope known for his role in the early stages of the Reformation and for selling indulgences, which sparked criticism from reformers.

Martin Luther

A German monk whose 95 Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation by challenging the Catholic Church's practices.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An advocate for women's rights and education, author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who expanded the empire's territory and embraced Westernization and reform.

Queen Elizabeth

The Queen of England from 1558 to 1603, known for her strong leadership and the Elizabethan Era of English history.

Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes, a political philosopher known for his work 'Leviathan', advocating for absolute sovereignty to ensure peace and social contract.

Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestantism and significant changes in Christianity.

Age of Exploration

A period from the late 15th century to the early 17th century marked by European exploration and discovery of new lands.

Aztec

An ancient civilization that flourished in central Mexico prior to Spanish colonization, known for its advanced society and empire.

Inca

A powerful South American empire that existed in the Andes mountains prior to Spanish conquest, known for its engineering and agriculture.

Cortez

Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conquistador known for his conquest of the Aztec Empire.

Pizarro

Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador known for his conquest of the Incan Empire.

Scientific Revolution

A period in the 16th and 17th centuries marked by advances in scientific thought and the development of the scientific method.

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 overthrow of King James II of England, leading to a constitutional monarchy under William and Mary.

English Civil War

A conflict from 1642 to 1651 between Parliamentarians and Royalists in England over governance and authority.

Lepanto

The 1571 naval battle between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire, marking a significant defeat for the Ottomans.

Slavery

A system where individuals are owned by others and forced to work without freedom or compensation.

Seven Years War

A global conflict from 1756 to 1763 that involved most of the great powers of the time, known as the first 'world war'.