Chemistry

What is salt

compound consisting of an anion from an acid and a cation from a base

What is a buffer

solutions where pH remains relatively constant

What is buffer capacity

amount or acid or base that can be added to buffer solution before there is a huge change in pH

Arrhenius Acid

acids ionize to yield hydrogen ions in water

Arrhenius Base

acids ionize to yield hydroxide ions in water

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

Hydrogen Ion donor

Bronsted-Lowry Base

Hydrogen Ion accepter

Lewis Acid

Substance that can accept and electron pair to form a covalent bond

Lewis Base

Substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

What is an indicator

a weak acid that undergoes dissociation

Indicator limits

temperature dependent, not useful in colored solutions, can be affected by dissolving salts, not an exact pH

Strong=

ionizes completely

Weak=

ionizes slightly

Strong Acids and Bases

dissociate completely

Weak Acids and Bases

the amount they dissociate is indicated by their dissociation constants

Properties of an Acid

sour taste, electrolytes when dissolved in water, indicator changes color, Reacts with many metals to produce H2 gas, Reacts with hydroxides to produce salt and water

Properties of a base

bitter taste, slippery feel, electrolytes when dissolved in water, causes indicator to change color, reacts with acids to form salt and water

Conjugate acids

Particles formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion

Conjugate base

Particles that remains after an acid has donated a hydrogen ion

Amphoteric substance

a substance that can act as an acid or a base

\[H+\] x \[OH-\] 

KW

What is a pH meter

Instrument used to measure pH

Why is a pH meter better than an indicator

it gives accurate results that are not affected by color of solution

Ka

weak acids

Kb

weak bases

Ka=

\[H30+\]\[A-\]/\[HA\]

Kb=

\[BH+\]\[OH-\]/\[B\]

Equivalence point

Point where number of moles of H+ = number of moles of OH

\
Endpoint=

Point where indicator changes color \n indicating that neutralization (equivalence point \n has been reached) has occurred

Standard solution =

Solution of know concentration and volume

How to preform titration

get measured volume of acid or base solution of unknown molarity, add indicator and swirl flask, add acid or base until indicator barely changes color

Strong acid + Strong base =

Equivalence point = pH 7

Weak acid + Strong base =

Equivalence point > 7

Strong acid + Weak base =

Equivalence point < 7

Weak acid + Weak base =

Depends