compound consisting of an anion from an acid and a cation from a base
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What is a buffer
solutions where pH remains relatively constant
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What is buffer capacity
amount or acid or base that can be added to buffer solution before there is a huge change in pH
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Arrhenius Acid
acids ionize to yield hydrogen ions in water
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Arrhenius Base
acids ionize to yield hydroxide ions in water
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Bronsted-Lowry Acid
Hydrogen Ion donor
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Bronsted-Lowry Base
Hydrogen Ion accepter
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Lewis Acid
Substance that can accept and electron pair to form a covalent bond
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Lewis Base
Substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond
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What is an indicator
a weak acid that undergoes dissociation
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Indicator limits
temperature dependent, not useful in colored solutions, can be affected by dissolving salts, not an exact pH
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Strong=
ionizes completely
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Weak=
ionizes slightly
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Strong Acids and Bases
dissociate completely
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Weak Acids and Bases
the amount they dissociate is indicated by their dissociation constants
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Properties of an Acid
sour taste, electrolytes when dissolved in water, indicator changes color, Reacts with many metals to produce H2 gas, Reacts with hydroxides to produce salt and water
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Properties of a base
bitter taste, slippery feel, electrolytes when dissolved in water, causes indicator to change color, reacts with acids to form salt and water
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Conjugate acids
Particles formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion
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Conjugate base
Particles that remains after an acid has donated a hydrogen ion
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Amphoteric substance
a substance that can act as an acid or a base
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\[H+\] x \[OH-\]
KW
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What is a pH meter
Instrument used to measure pH
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Why is a pH meter better than an indicator
it gives accurate results that are not affected by color of solution
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Ka
weak acids
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Kb
weak bases
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Ka=
\[H30+\]\[A-\]/\[HA\]
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Kb=
\[BH+\]\[OH-\]/\[B\]
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Equivalence point
Point where number of moles of H+ = number of moles of OH
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\ Endpoint=
Point where indicator changes color \n indicating that neutralization (equivalence point \n has been reached) has occurred
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Standard solution =
Solution of know concentration and volume
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How to preform titration
get measured volume of acid or base solution of unknown molarity, add indicator and swirl flask, add acid or base until indicator barely changes color
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