HI: Reading Ch 1: HP 9

unravel

/ʌnˈræv.əl/

Verb

làm sáng tỏ, khám phá, tháo gỡ (vấn đề)

“The research attempts to unravel the causes of global warming.” The scientist tried to unravel the mystery of the disease.

unravel the mystery/truth/complexity → làm sáng tỏ điều bí ẩn / sự thật / vấn đề phức tạp

(N): unraveling Quá khứ: unraveled/ unravelled

Synonyms: solve, decode Antonyms: complicate, obscure → Dịch: giải quyết / làm rối

dearth

/dɜːθ/

Noun

sự thiếu hụt nghiêm trọng, sự khan hiếm

“A dearth of clean water remains a critical issue in developing countries.” There is a dearth of affordable housing in urban areas.

a dearth of opportunities/information/resources

Synonyms: scarcity, lack Antonyms: abundance, surplus → Dịch: khan hiếm / dồi dào

primary source

/ˈpraɪ.məri sɔːs/

None Phrase

nguồn thông tin gốc, nguồn sơ cấp

“Historians rely heavily on primary sources such as letters and diaries.” Interviews with survivors are valuable primary sources in historical research.

primary/secondary/tertiary source cite a primary source

Opposite: secondary source (nguồn thứ cấp)

sub-Saharan

/ˌsʌb.səˈhɑː.rən/

Adj

thuộc về khu vực nằm phía nam sa mạc Sahara ở châu Phi.

Sub-Saharan Africa has one of the fastest-growing populations in the world.

antiquity

/ænˈtɪk.wə.ti/

Noun

thời cổ đại / vật cổ xưa, thời cổ xưa

“The temples have stood since antiquity, surviving numerous earthquakes.” In antiquity, people believed in multiple gods.

since/from antiquity relics of antiquity → di tích cổ

(a) ancient → cổ xưa

Synonyms: ancient times, classical period

confine

/kənˈfaɪn/

Verb

giới hạn, giam giữ

“Women were once confined to domestic roles.” He was confined to bed after the surgery.

confine sb to sth (giam giữ) confine discussion to... (giới hạn cuộc thảo luận) be confined to a wheelchair

Danh từ: confinement Tính từ: confined

Synonyms: restrict, imprison Antonyms: liberate, free

hieroglyphic

/ˌhaɪ.rəˈɡlɪf.ɪk/

Noun

Danh từ (thường số nhiều): chữ tượng hình Tính từ: liên quan đến chữ tượng hình

“The hieroglyphics in the tomb provided valuable insights into ancient Egyptian culture.” Hieroglyphic writing was used extensively in ancient Egypt.

hieroglyphic symbols/texts/writing decipher hieroglyphics (giải mã chữ tượng hình)

Related noun: inscription (chữ khắc) Verb: decipher (giải mã)

polemic

/pəˈlem.ɪk/

Noun

bài tranh luận gay gắt, công kích

polemic

/pəˈlem.ɪk/

Adj

mang tính công kích mạnh mẽ

“The article was a polemic against environmental policies.” His speech turned into a polemic on modern capitalism.

a political/religious polemic deliver/write/launch a polemic

Synonyms: tirade, critique Antonyms: praise, defense

pejorative

/pɪˈdʒɒr.ə.tɪv/

Adj

mang nghĩa tiêu cực, xúc phạm

“The term ‘bureaucrat’ is often used in a pejorative sense.” “Third-world” is sometimes considered a pejorative term.

pejorative term/language/label used in a pejorative way

Synonyms: derogatory, insulting Antonyms: complimentary, respectful

pejorative

/pɪˈdʒɒr.ə.tɪv/

Noun

từ mang ý xúc phạm

“The term ‘bureaucrat’ is often used in a pejorative sense.” “Third-world” is sometimes considered a pejorative term.

pejorative term/language/label used in a pejorative way

Synonyms: derogatory, insulting Antonyms: complimentary, respectful

missionary

/ˈmɪʃ.ən.ər.i/ /ˈmɪʃ.ən.ri/

Noun

Danh từ: nhà truyền giáo ,người truyền giáo Tính từ: thuộc về truyền giáo

“The spread of Christianity in Asia was led by missionaries from Europe.” He worked as a missionary in Africa for over a decade.

Christian/Catholic missionary missionary work/efforts

Verb: evangelize (truyền đạo) Related: religious, convert

substandard

/ˌsʌbˈstæn.dəd/

Adj

dưới chuẩn, không đạt yêu cầu

“Many people live in substandard housing due to rising costs.” Students in rural areas often receive substandard education.

substandard housing/education/service live in substandard conditions

Synonyms: poor-quality, inadequate Antonyms: superior, high-standard

weaponry

/ˈwep.ən.ri/

Noun

vũ khí, hệ thống vũ khí

“Modern weaponry poses serious ethical questions.” The country invested heavily in advanced weaponry.

nuclear/advanced/sophisticated weaponry a cache of weaponry

Related: arms, arsenal, military equipment

extant

/ˈek.stənt/

Adj

còn tồn tại, hiện có (thường nói về tài liệu, vật cổ)

: “Only three extant manuscripts of the poem remain.” The oldest extant copy of the text dates back to the 10th century.

extant manuscript/text/building still extant

Synonyms: surviving, existing Antonyms: lost, extinct

glean

/ɡliːn/

Verb

thu thập (thông tin), lượm lặt

“The data was gleaned from various government reports.” Information was gleaned from interviews with local residents.

glean information/insight/data from sources/literature/conversations

Synonyms: extract, collect, gather Antonyms: scatter, ignore

epic

/ˈep.ɪk/

Noun

Danh từ: sử thi, câu chuyện hoành tráng dài Tính từ: có quy mô lớn, vĩ đại, anh hùng

“The Iliad is considered an ancient epic about war and heroism.” The movie tells an epic tale of survival in the desert.

epic poem/story/journey epic struggle/battle

Synonyms: heroic, monumental (tính từ) Related noun: saga

historical narrative

/hɪˈstɒr.ɪ.kəl ˈnær.ə.tɪv/

None Phrase

tường thuật lịch sử, câu chuyện lịch sử

“The documentary presents a biased historical narrative.” The museum creates a compelling historical narrative through its exhibits. → Bảo tàng tạo nên một câu chuyện lịch sử hấp dẫn qua các hiện vật.

dominant/alternative/distorted historical narrative construct/challenge a historical narrative

Related: perspective, account, version

pitfall

/ˈpɪt.fɔːl/

Noun

nguy cơ tiềm ẩn, cạm bẫy (thường không ngờ đến)

“There are several pitfalls in relying solely on technology in education.” One common pitfall in essay writing is lack of coherence.

avoid/fall into a pitfall common/potential pitfalls

Synonyms: trap, risk, obstacle Antonyms: advantage, benefit

intrinsic

/ɪnˈtrɪn.zɪk/

Adj

nội tại, bản chất, vốn có

“Creativity is an intrinsic part of human nature.” Education has intrinsic value beyond economic benefits.

intrinsic value/motivation/quality be intrinsic to sth

Opposite: extrinsic (ngoại tại) Related: inherent, fundamental

herding

/ˈhɜː.dɪŋ/

Noun

việc chăn dắt động vật (bò, cừu...)

“Nomadic tribes survive by herding cattle across vast areas.” Herding was once the main source of livelihood in that region.

herding animals/cattle/livestock traditional herding practices

Related verb: herd Related nouns: livestock, pasture

tanned

/tænd/

Adj

Da rám nắng (người) Được thuộc (da động vật)

“His skin was deeply tanned from years of working under the sun.” She returned from the beach with a tanned complexion.

tanned skin/face/body tanned leather/hide

Verb: tan Noun: tanning (quá trình rám nắng hoặc thuộc da)

glimpse

/ɡlɪmps/

Noun

Danh từ: cái nhìn lướt qua, thoáng qua Động từ: nhìn thoáng, thoáng thấy

“The documentary offers a glimpse into rural life.” I caught a glimpse of the celebrity at the airport.→ Tôi thoáng thấy người nổi tiếng ở sân bay.

catch/get/have a glimpse a brief/rare glimpse glimpse into the past/future/life

Synonyms: peek, glance, flash Antonyms: stare, gaze (kéo dài)