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New Imperialism
The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political control over other nations.
Boxer Rebellion
A violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China in 1900, leading to foreign intervention.
Open Door Policy
A policy proposed by the United States in 1899 to allow all nations access to trade with China, without colonization.
Transcaucasus
A region in the Caucasus comprising Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, significant in Russia's imperial expansion.
Quinine
A medicine used to treat malaria, crucial for European imperialism in tropical regions.
Social Darwinism
A misapplication of Darwin’s theories, often used to justify racial superiority and imperialism.
Russo-Japanese War
A conflict between Russia and Japan (1904-1905) that resulted in a disastrous defeat for Russia, increasing domestic unrest.
Emmeline Pankhurst
A British political activist and leader of the suffragette movement, known for her militant tactics advocating for women's suffrage.
Dreyfus Affair
A political scandal in France involving the wrongful conviction of a Jewish army officer, highlighting anti-Semitism in society.
Social Revolutionary Party
A revolutionary political party in Russia that aimed to overthrow the Tsar and implement socialism.
Machinery of Imperialism
Technological advancements, such as firearms and steamboats, that allowed European powers to expand their empires.
Anglo-Zulu War
A conflict in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom, notable for the Zulu resistance against British military superiority.
Berlin Conference
A meeting in 1884 where European nations formalized the division of Africa, often ignoring indigenous cultures and societies.
Cult of Domesticity
A prevailing value system among the middle and upper classes that emphasized women's roles as moral guardians and homemakers.
Fabians
British socialists who sought gradual reform through political means rather than revolution.
Phenomenology
A scientific approach emphasizing the study of consciousness and the objects of direct experience.
Millicent Fawcett
A leading figure in the women's suffrage movement in Britain known for her moderate approach, advocating for women's rights through legal means.
Herero Genocide
The extermination of the Herero people by German colonial forces in the early 20th century in German South-West Africa.
Second Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid industrial growth and technological innovation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, marked by advancements in steel and electricity.
Anthropology
The study of human societies and cultures, often controversial due to its historical ties to racial stereotypes and imperialism.
Public Health Act of 1848
Legislation passed in Britain aimed at public health reform to combat dreadful living conditions in urban populations.
Educational Barriers
Social obstacles that restricted women's access to education and professional opportunities, prevalent in 19th century Europe.
Women's Suffrage Movement
A social and political movement advocating for women's right to vote, gaining momentum through the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Psychology
The scientific study of behaviors and mental processes that emerged as a prominent discipline in the late 19th century.
New Technologies
Innovations such as the internal combustion engine and electricity that transformed industries and everyday life.
Kulturkampf
Bismarck's effort in Germany to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church, particularly in education and government.
Causation in History
The understanding of historical events as shaped by complex relationships and interconnections rather than simple causes.
Industrial Working Class
A demographic that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, forming the basis for socialist movements, particularly in Europe.
