Topic 8: Human Systems and Resource Use

crude brthrate

number of live births per 1000 people in a popoulation

crude death rate

number o deaths per 1000 people in a population

total fertility rate

average number of children that are born to a women over her life time

doubling time of a population

the duration it takes tfor a population size to double

natural increase rate

(crude birth rate - crude death rate) ÷ 10

BUT evaluative point is that migration is ignored

age/sex pyramid

a visual representation of the distribution of a population’s demographics of sex and age groups

demographic transition model

showing the population changes a country goes through ass wealth increases

exponential growth

a population that continues to grow beyond carrying capacity so limiting factors have no effect or are not present

overpopulation

where a population exceeds carrying capacity

policies that effect population sizes

1. education - especially for women, allows for improved job opportunities, family planning, sex education

2. healthcare policies - safe pregnancies, could have access to abortions, birth control

3. economic policies - poverty reductions, improve income equality

4. social welfare policies - child care support, parental leave, elderly care

5. migration policies - can restrict migration or promote it

6. environmental policies - green jobs like switching to different types of energy production, increases job opportunities for and improved standard of living

natural capital

the resources that are from naturen

natural income

the annual yield of natural capital

renewable resources

they can replenish t the same rate they are being used

non-renewable resources

they can not be replenished as they are a finite resource

natural income of goods

the resources that are sold for other people’s use

natural income of services

the natural occurrences in nature that protect or provide resources for other pares of the ecosystem

dynamic

the relationship between two given parts of an ecosystem and how they balance

use valuation

resources that have a price in society

non-use valuation

resources that have intrinsic value

sustainable yield

sustainable yield = ((total biomass / energy) at t + 1) - ((total biomass / energy) at t)

it is also equal to net primary productivity

solid domestic waste

everyday items that we discard

biodegradable

capable of being broken down by natural processes

circular economy

waste is reused instead of discarded

linear economy

waste is discarded at the end of its life and contributes to dumps and landfill

reduce

to consume less or use and item until the end of life

reuse

to use waste againre

recycle

to use waste for the creation of new products by using the materials from it

landfill

burying waste in a lined pit

e-waste

waste from technology such as parts or whole devices

incineration

controlled burning of waste

composting

decomposition of waste materials

what varies ecological footprints?

1. lifestyle choices - consumption, transport, housing

2. productivity of food production systems

3. land use and industry

ecological footprint

the area of land and/or water needed to sustain our needs and absorb our waste

what is the equation for the ecological footprint?

EF = (1÷Carrying capacity)

earthshore

the amount of land everyone should have if one were to divide all of the ecologically productive land by the population

carrying capacity

the maximum amount of a species that can live sustainably by the given area

remanufacturing

the object’s material is used to make a new object of the same type