HISTORY HIGH MIDDLE AGES TEST

Parliament

Legislative body representing the people in governance.

Saladin

Muslim leader during the Crusades, known for capturing Jerusalem.

Richard the Lion-Hearted

English king who led Crusaders in the Third Crusade.

King John

Signed the Magna Carta, limiting royal power.

Magna Carta

1215 document limiting the power of the English monarchy.

Papacy

The office of the Pope in the Catholic Church.

Holy Land

Region of significant religious importance, especially Jerusalem.

Pilgrimage

Religious journey to sacred sites for spiritual purposes.

Pontiff

Another term for the Pope, the leader of the Church.

Penance

Religious act of repentance for sins.

Urban II

Pope who initiated the First Crusade in 1095.

Crusades

Religious wars aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land.

Reconquista

Effort to reclaim Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule.

Joan of Arc

French heroine who led troops during the Hundred Years War.

Long Bow

Powerful weapon used by English archers in battles.

Vernacular

Language spoken by the common people, not Latin.

Battle of Hastings

1066 conflict that led to Norman conquest of England.

Hundred Years War

Series of conflicts between England and France.

Black Death

Devastating plague that killed millions in Europe.

Silk Road

Ancient trade route connecting East and West.

End of Manorialism

Transition from feudal system to more modern economies.

Guilds

Associations of craftsmen regulating trade and quality.

Middle Class

Social class emerging between nobility and peasantry.

Urbanization

Growth of cities as populations moved from rural areas.

Population Growth

Increase in population due to better food supply.

Natural Global Warming

Medieval climate period allowing longer growing seasons.

Medieval Warm Period

Time of warmer climate enhancing agricultural output.

Food Stability

Reliable food supply leading to population increase.

Trade Routes

Paths connecting different regions for commerce.

Creation of Universities

Institutions established for higher education starting in 1100.

Apprenticeship

Training period for young workers in a trade.

Journeyman

Skilled worker who has completed apprenticeship.

Master Craftsman

Experienced artisan who can run their own business.

First Crusade

1095 campaign to capture Jerusalem from Muslims.

Siege of Nicaea

Key battle during the First Crusade.

Crusader States

Territories established by Crusaders in the Holy Land.

Battle of Hattin

Decisive battle leading to Muslim control of Jerusalem.

Truce with Saladin

Negotiation that allowed Christians access to Jerusalem.

Fourth Crusade

Crusade that controversially attacked Constantinople instead of Egypt.

Sacking of Constantinople

Looting of the city during the Fourth Crusade.

Rise of Cities

Urban growth driven by trade and agricultural surplus.

Surfs Running Away

Peasants escaping to towns for freedom and opportunity.